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. 2025 Jun 18;16(4):595–613. doi: 10.1007/s13340-025-00820-2

Table 2.

Baseline characteristics of studies evaluating the association between CGM-derived TIR and microvascular complications among type 2 diabetes [18]

Characteristics All included studies (n = 11) TIR and diabetic retinopathy (n = 4) TIR and diabetic nephropathy (n = 4) TIR and diabetic neuropathy (n = 7)
Sample size, n (range) 466 (105–5901) 2315.5 (281–5901) 932.5 (281–5901) 349 (105–740)
Sex (%)
 Male 60.8 58.1 62.0 62.6
 Female 39.2 41.9 38.0 37.4
Age, years, mean (SD) 59.3 (1.3) 62.1 (0.99) 61.6 (0.4) 59.1 (2.8)
Baseline A1c, %, mean (SD) 8.2 (0.5) 8.0 (0.6) 7.8 (0.4) 8.1 (0.6)
Duration of diabetes, years, mean (SD) 11.3 (1.0) 11.8 (0.7) 13.1 (0.2) 11.0 (1.1)
Study location (n)
 China 5
 South Korea 2
 Japan 2
 India 1
 USA 1
CGM device used (n)
 Medtronic 5
 Abbott FreeStyle Libre 4
 Meiqi 1
 Medtronic + Meiqi 1
 Duration of CGM use (n)
 3 days 4
 14 days 4
 3 and 6 days for GOLD (Medtronic) and iPro2 (Medtronic), respectively 2
 Two 6-day periods, separated by 2 weeks 1
CGM device calibrations (n)
 Not applicable 4
 At least two times per day 3
 At least four times per day 3
 Not reported 1