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. 2025 Oct 18;184(11):699. doi: 10.1007/s00431-025-06544-4

Table 1.

Demographic data and outcome parameters of included preterm neonates. Values are presented as n (%), or median (minimum; maximum) as appropriate

Entire cohort
n = 3128
AGA preterm neonates
n = 2792
SGA preterm neonates
n = 328
Gestational age (weeks) 32.1 (23.1; 34.0) 32.1 (23.1; 33.9) 32.6 (23.4; 34.0)
Birth weight (g) 1700 (297; 3210) 1750 (376; 3210) 1240 (297; 1780)
Female sex n (%) 1407 (44.8%) 1244 (44.6%) 153 (46.6%)
Spontaneous vaginal delivery n (%) 710 (22.7%) 686 (24.6%) 21 (6.4%)
Apgar 5 8 (2; 9) 8 (2; 9) 8 (1; 8)
Umbilical cord pH 7.31 (7.01; 7.60) 7.31 (7.01; 7.60) 7.29 (7.05; 7.44)
Prenatal steroids n (%) 2099 (67.1%) 1886 (67.6%) 208 (63.4%)
Causes for preterm birth
Preterm rupture of membranes n (%) 448 (14.3%) 431 (15.4%) 16 (4.9%)
Amniotic fluid Infection n (%) 243 (7.8%) 234 (8.4%) 9 (2.7%)
Gestosis n (%) 377 (12.1%) 304 (10.9%) 73 (22.3%)
Cervical insufficiency n (%) 152 (4.9%) 139 (5.0%) 12 (3.7%)
Pathological CTG n (%) 428 (13.7%) 318 (11.4%) 110 (33.5%)
Preterm labor n (%) 983 (31.4%) 933 (33.4%) 46 (14.0%)
Others n (%) 497 (15.9%) 433 (15.5%) 62 (18.9%)

AGA appropriate-for-gestational age, CTG cardiotocography, SGA small-for-gestational age