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. 2004 Oct 21;113(1):88–95. doi: 10.1289/ehp.7387

Table 1.

City descriptive data on the study period, population, exposure (PM10 and BS), outcome (daily number of deaths), and selected effect modifiers (region, mean temperature, mean NO2 over 24 hr, and directly standardized mortality rate).

No. of deaths per day
PM10 (μg/m3) percentile
BS (μg/m3) percentile
City Study period (month/year) Population (× 1,000) Total CVD Respiratory 50th 90th 50th 90th Geographic region Mean temperature NO2 (24-hr) SDR
Athens 1/92–12/96 3,073 73 64 5 40a 59 64 122 South 18 74 784
Barcelona 1/91–12/96 1,644 40 32 4 60 95 39 64 South 16 69 740
Basel 1/90–12/95 360 9 8 1 28a 55 West 11 38 678
Bilbao 4/92–3/96 667 15 11 1 23 39 South 15 49 711
Birmingham 1/92–12/96 2,300 61 50 9 21 40 11 22 West 10 46 895
Budapest 1/92–12/95 1,931 80 57 3 40a 52 East 11 76 1,136
Cracow 1/90–12/96 746 18 13 0 54a 86 36 101 East 8 44 1,009
Dublin 1/90–12/96 482 13 10 2 10 26 West 10 — 940
Erfurt 1/91–12/95 216 6 — — 48 98 West 9 40 972
Geneva 1/90–12/95 317 6 4 0 33a 71 West 10 45 608
Helsinki 1/93–12/96 828 18 14 2 23a 49 West 6 33 915
Ljubljana 1/92–12/96 322 7 5 0 13 42 East 11 46 823
Lodz 1/90–12/96 828 30 20 1 30 77 East 8 39 1,231
London 1/92–12/96 6,905 169 139 29 25 46 11 22 West 12 61 851
Lyon 1/93–12/97 416 9 7 1 39 63 West 12 63 579
Madrid 1/92–12/95 3,012 61 46 6 33 59 South 15 70 636
Marseille 1/90–12/95 855 22 18 2 34 56 West 16 71 666
Milan 1/90–12/96 1,343 29 23 2 47a 88 West 14 94 632
Netherlands 1/90–9/95 15,400 342 140 29 34 67 63 122 West 10 43 757
Paris 1/92–12/96 6,700 124 91 9 22 46 21 45 West 12 53 644
Poznan 1/90–12/96 582 17 12 1 23 76 East 9 47 1,106
Prague 2/92–12/95 1,213 38 30 1 66 124 East 10 58 984
Rome 1/92–12/96 2,775 56 44 3 57a 81 South 17 88 585
Stockholm 1/94–12/96 1,126 30 25 3 14 27 West 8 26 666
Tel Aviv 1/93–12/96 1,141 27 22 2 43 75 South 20 70 430
Teplice 1/90–12/97 625 18 13 1 42 83 East 9 32 1,173
Torino 1/90–12/96 926 21 17 1 65a 129 West 14 76 724
Valencia 1/94–12/96 753 16 14 2 40 70 South 19 66 820
Wroclaw 1/90–12/96 643 15 10 1 33 97 East 9 27 970
Zurich 1/90–12/95 540 13 10 1 28a 54 West 11 40 666

Abbreviations: —, no data; CVD, cardiovascular deaths; SDR, directly standardized mortality rate. Mean temperature in degrees centigrade.

a

PM10 were estimated using a regression model relating collocated PM10 measurements to the BS or total suspended particles.