Table 1.
Selected characteristics of applicators, by carbofuran exposure [no. (%)] in the AHS (1993–1997).
| Characteristic | Nonexposed | Low exposed | High exposed |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | |||
| < 40 | 14,023 (37.6) | 1,032 (21.8) | 1,739 (22.1) |
| 40–49 | 10,217 (27.4) | 1,470 (31.0) | 2,532 (32.1) |
| 50–59 | 6,802 (18.3) | 1,216 (25.7) | 2,056 (26.1) |
| ≥ 60 | 6,210 (16.7) | 1,016 (21.5) | 1,557 (19.7) |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 36,069 (96.8) | 4,698 (99.2) | 7,819 (99.2) |
| Female | 1,190 (3.2) | 36 (0.8) | 65 (0.8) |
| State | |||
| Iowa | 25,459 (68.3) | 3,421 (72.3) | 4,908 (62.3) |
| North Carolina | 11,800 (31.7) | 1,313 (27.7) | 2,976 (37.7) |
| Applicator type | |||
| Farmer | 33,341 (89.5) | 4,574 (96.6) | 7,355 (93.3) |
| Commercial | 3,918 (10.5) | 160 (3.4) | 529 (6.7) |
| Smoking | |||
| Never | 19,976 (54.0) | 2,509 (53.2) | 4,056 (51.6) |
| Former | 10,587 (28.7) | 1,577 (33.4) | 2,560 (32.6) |
| Current | 6,396 (17.3) | 635 (13.5) | 1,241 (15.8) |
| Alcohol usea | |||
| Yes | 25,352 (69.0) | 3,260 (69.1) | 5,290 (67.8) |
| Education | |||
| ≤ High school | 21,270 (57.2) | 2,503 (53.0) | 4,372 (55.5) |
| > High school | 15,897 (42.8) | 2,219 (47.0) | 3,504 (44.5) |
| Family history of cancer | |||
| Yes | 13,339 (38.0) | 2,099 (46.5) | 3,404 (45.9) |
| Corn production | |||
| Yes | 24,967 (67.0) | 3,801 (80.0) | 6,226 (79.0) |
| Other pesticide use | |||
| Trichlorofon | 305 (0.8) | 37 (0.8) | 160 (2.1) |
| Fonofos | 5,410 (14.5) | 1,591 (34.4) | 2,969 (38.6) |
| Chlorpyrifos | 12,908 (34.7) | 2,534 (53.8) | 4,982 (63.5) |
| EPTC | 6,112 (16.8) | 1,351 (29.5) | 2,417 (31.8) |
| Permethrinb | 4,078 (11.1) | 913 (19.9) | 2,060 (27.1) |
| Person-years | 240549.2 | 29867.9 | 50852.2 |
| No. of other pesticides usedc | 11.5 ± 6.6 | 18.3 ± 6.6 | 20.4 ± 7.2 |
| Follow-up (years)c | 6.5 ± 1.4 | 6.3 ± 1.4 | 6.5 ± 1.4 |
| Smoking (pack-years)c | |||
| Former smokers | 15.4 ± 20.1 | 15.0 ± 18.9 | 15.8 ± 20.2 |
| Current smokers | 22.0 ± 19.9 | 24.9 ± 21.3 | 27.0 ± 22.2 |
a
Reported alcohol consumption within the last 12 months.
b
Permethrin for use on crops.
c
Mean ± SD.