Table 4.
RRs (95% CIs) for single-pollutant models using case-crossover method for an increase in IQR.a
| All age groups
|
0–14 years
|
15–64 years
|
≥65 years
|
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pollutants (IQR) | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male |
| NO2 (16 ppb) | ||||||||
| Lag 1 | 1.078 (0.995–1.168) | 0.957 (0.883–1.036) | 1.145 (0.996–1.317) | 0.981 (0.873–1.103) | 1.004 (0.870–1.159) | 0.988 (0.806–1.210) | 1.081 (0.964–1.212) | 0.915 (0.810–1.034) |
| Lag 2 | 1.100 (0.998–1.213) | 0.960 (0.873–1.055) | 1.189 (1.002–1.411)* | 0.933 (0.810–1.074) | 1.055 (0.883–1.260) | 1.004 (0.789–1.277) | 1.063 (0.925–1.222) | 0.959 (0.832–1.105) |
| Lag 3 | 1.085 (0.972–1.210) | 0.951 (0.854–1.057) | 1.178 (0.973–1.427) | 0.910 (0.777–1.066) | 1.114 (0.915–1.356) | 0.972 (0.744–1.268) | 1.001 (0.856–1.172) | 0.973 (0.829–1.142) |
| SO2 (19.25 ppb) | ||||||||
| Lag 1 | 1.047 (0.978–1.122) | 0.939 (0.874–1.009) | 1.119 (0.995–1.259) | 0.923 (0.831–1.025) | 1.002 (0.879–1.141) | 0.944 (0.798–1.116) | 1.020 (0.924–1.126) | 0.968 (0.867–1.082) |
| Lag 2 | 1.062 (0.969–1.164) | 1.003 (0.914–1.101) | 1.126 (0.957–1.325) | 0.984 (0.859–1.128) | 1.057 (0.893–1.252) | 1.071 (0.859–1.334) | 1.011 (0.888–1.152) | 0.994 (0.861–1.147) |
| Lag 3 | 1.073 (0.963–1.195) | 0.989 (0.886–1.103) | 1.100 (0.907–1.335) | 0.961 (0.819–1.126) | 1.055 (0.864–1.289) | 1.022 (0.785–1.330) | 1.044 (0.896–1.216) | 1.008 (0.852–1.192) |
| CO (1.17 ppm) | ||||||||
| Lag 1 | 1.037 (0.968–1.111) | 0.950 (0.884–1.020) | 1.147 (1.006–1.307)* | 1.003 (0.904–1.113) | 1.005 (0.884–1.141) | 1.036 (0.870–1.233) | 1.014 (0.922–1.116) | 0.867 (0.775–0.970) |
| Lag 2 | 1.063 (0.976–1.158) | 0.945 (0.862–1.036) | 1.186 (1.020–1.379)* | 0.997 (0.871–1.141) | 1.007 (0.859–1.181) | 1.033 (0.821–1.299) | 1.024 (0.907–1.156) | 0.865 (0.752–0.994) |
| Lag 3 | 1.087 (0.982–1.203) | 0.965 (0.866–1.075) | 1.221 (1.022–1.459)* | 0.970 (0.824–1.141) | 1.032 (0.858–1.240) | 0.991 (0.760–1.293) | 1.035 (0.893–1.200) | 0.946 (0.807–1.109) |
| O3 (29 ppb) | ||||||||
| Lag 1 | 1.013 (0.766–1.339) | 1.064 (0.930–1.217) | 1.046 (0.800–1.367) | 1.070 (0.854–1.340) | 0.937 (0.723–1.214) | 0.899 (0.630–1.282) | 1.122 (0.919–1.369) | 1.095 (0.896–1.339) |
| Lag 2 | 1.066 (0.778–1.462) | 1.037 (0.889–1.211) | 1.084 (0.797–1.474) | 1.024 (0.797–1.316) | 0.838 (0.625–1.123) | 0.974 (0.651–1.457) | 1.147 (0.912–1.444) | 1.039 (0.826–1.308) |
| Lag 3 | 1.007 (0.712–1.424) | 1.015 (0.855–1.207) | 1.013 (0.721–1.425) | 1.032 (0.786–1.355) | 0.877 (0.639–1.203) | 0.972 (0.625–1.513) | 1.161 (0.901–1.496) | 0.987 (0.765–1.273) |
| PM10 (31 μg/m3) | ||||||||
| Lag 1 | 1.034 (0.974–1.098) | 0.997 (0.942–1.056) | 1.040 (0.944–1.146) | 0.965 (0.887–1.050) | 1.038 (0.937–1.151) | 1.055 (0.926–1.203) | 1.027 (0.936–1.125) | 0.999 (0.912–1.094) |
| Lag 2 | 1.045 (0.972–1.124) | 1.022 (0.953–1.097) | 1.032 (0.916–1.162) | 0.948 (0.857–1.048) | 1.051 (0.920–1.200) | 1.136 (0.964–1.339) | 1.051 (0.943–1.171) | 1.059 (0.942–1.191) |
| Lag 3 | 1.054 (0.970–1.145) | 1.008 (0.930–1.092) | 1.052 (0.919–1.204) | 0.914 (0.815–1.025) | 1.020 (0.872–1.194) | 1.026 (0.852–1.236) | 1.073 (0.949–1.214) | 1.125 (0.985–1.284) |
| COH (0.5) | ||||||||
| Lag 1 | 1.092 (1.037–1.176)* | 0.974 (0.906–1.048) | 1.101 (0.971–1.245) | 1.025 (0.925–1.134) | 1.135 (0.997–1.292) | 1.013 (0.845–1.214) | 1.058 (0.946–1.184) | 0.898 (0.799–1.008) |
| Lag 2 | 1.097 (0.998–1.206) | 1.001 (0.913–1.098) | 1.119 (0.953–1.314) | 1.004 (0.880–1.144) | 1.196 (1.003–1.426)* | 1.040 (0.823–1.315) | 1.029 (0.897–1.181) | 0.966 (0.837–1.115) |
| Lag 3 | 1.104 (0.989–1.232) | 1.020 (0.915–1.136) | 1.086 (0.903–1.307) | 0.995 (0.853–1.160) | 1.289 (1.051–1.582)* | 0.968 (0.740–1.267) | 1.016 (0.865–1.193) | 1.048 (0.886–1.241) |
| TRS (8 ppb) | ||||||||
| Lag 1 | 1.007 (0.961–1.054) | 0.990 (0.945–1.037) | 0.982 (0.899–1.072) | 0.991 (0.923–1.063) | 0.985 (0.903–1.076) | 0.994 (0.895–1.103) | 1.030 (0.965–1.098) | 0.990 (0.925–1.061) |
| Lag 2 | 1.000 (0.940–1.064) | 1.009 (0.948–1.075) | 1.056 (0.941–1.184) | 1.015 (0.921–1.118) | 0.960 (0.858–1.074) | 1.035 (0.907–1.181) | 0.987 (0.903–1.078) | 0.992 (0.902–1.092) |
| Lag 3 | 1.005 (0.935–1.081) | 1.018 (0.944–1.098) | 1.144 (0.999–1.310) | 1.015 (0.933–1.185) | 0.932 (0.813–1.069) | 1.016 (0.867–1.192) | 0.967 (0.872–1.073) | 0.991 (0.886–1.110) |
a
Adjusted for temperature, humidity, and change in barometric pressure.
*
Statistically significant at p < 0.05.