Table 2.
Cognitive tests used in the different prospective population-based studies included in the review.
| Study | Global cognition | Executive function | Language | Memory | Processing speed/attention | Visuospatial abilities/visuoconstructive abilities |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bock et al. (2023) | MMSE (adapted version)/3MS | TMT-B | n.g. | n.g. | n.g. | n.g. |
| Chastan et al. (2019) | MMSE | TMT-B, digit span backwards, category fluency test, letter fluency test | BNT | Immediate free recall, short-delay free recall, long-delay free recall (CVLT) BVRT |
TMT-A, digit span forwards, DSSTΔ | Card rotation test |
| Darweesh et al. (2017a) | MMSE | Stroop test (Task 3), semantic fluency test | n.g. | n.g. | Stroop test (Task 1, Task 2), LDST | n.g. |
| Darweesh et al. (2017b) | Global score derived from PCA of 4 tests, MMSE | Stroop test (Task 3)*, semantic fluency test* | n.g. | Word learning immediate task, word learning delayed task*, word learning recognition task | Stroop test (Task 1, Task 2), LDST* | n.g. |
| Foubert-Samier et al. (2020) | MMSE | Abstract thinking (WST), semantic fluency test (IST) | n.g. | BVRT | ZCT, DSST | n.g. |
| Hofmann et al. (2021) | n.g. | TMT-B (modified version) | n.g. | n.g. | TMT-A (modified version), TMT-C (control condition) | n.g. |
| Pausch et al. (2016) | MMSE, CERAD total score | Semantic fluency test (CERAD subtest) | BNT (CERAD subtest) | Word list encoding, word list recall, word list discriminability, constructional praxis recall (CERAD subtests) | n.g. | Constructional praxis copying (CERAD subtest) |
| Ponsen et al. (2009) | n.g. | Perseveration task, Corsi Block-Tapping Task (Vienna Test System subtests) | n.g. | n.g. | n.g. | n.g. |
| Ross et al. (2012) | CASI total score | Semantic verbal fluency, judgement, abstraction, digit span backwards, serial subtraction (CASI subtests) | Read and write, naming, following 3-step command (CASI subtests) | Orientation in time and space, recall of words and objects, date and place of birth, sunset hour (CASI subtests) | Repeating words and sentences (CASI subtests) | Copying pentagons (CASI subtest) |
| Sánchez-Ferro et al. (2011) | 37-MMSE total score | n.g. | Language (37-MMSE subtest) | Orientation, immediate recall, delayed recall (37-MMSE subtests) | Attention and calculation (37-MMSE subtests) | Visuospatial copying (37-MMSE subtest) |
| Swaddiwudhipong et al. (2023) | n.g. | Reasoning test (fluid intelligence) | n.g. | Visual memory test (pairs-matching), prospective memory test, numeric memory test | Reaction time (snap game) | n.g. |
| Weintraub et al. (2017) | Global score based on domain z-scores | Phonemic fluency and semantic fluency (COWAT subtests), TMT- B, digit span backwards (WAIS-III subtest) | BNT | Immediate verbal recall, delayed verbal recall and recognition (HVLT-R), immediate story recall, delayed story recall and figural recall (RBANS subtests), logical memory story, immediate and delayed recall (WMS-III subtests) | Digit Symbol Coding, symbol search and digit span forward (WAIS-III subtests), TMT-A | Figure copying and line orientation (RBANS subtests), Clock Drawing Test, silhouettes (VOSP) |
37-MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination 37 items version; BNT, Boston Naming Test; BVRT, Benton Visual Retention Test; BVRT, Benton Visual Retention Test; CASI, Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument; CERAD, Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's disease; COWAT, Controlled Oral Word Association; CVLT, California Verbal Learning Test; DSST, Digit Symbol Substitution Test; HVLT-R, Hopkins Verbal Learning Test Revised; IST, Isaacs Set Test; LDST, Letter-Digit-Substitution Test; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; n.g., not given; PCA, Principal Component Analysis; RBANS, Repeatable Battery for Assessment of Neuropsychological Status; TMT-A, Trail Making Test Version A; TMT-B, Trail Making Test Version B; TMT-C, Trail Making Test Control Version;VOSP, Visual object and Space Perception Battery; WAIS-III, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Third Edition; WAIS-III, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Third Edition; WMS-III, Wechsler Memory Scale Third Edition; WST, Wechsler Similarities test; ZCT, Zazzo's cancellation test.
The tests that showed significant group differences are indicated in bold.
ΔIn case a test was classified into different categories, we decided to include it in the one that is more conventionally used (e.g., LDST in Darweesh et al., 2017b was classified as test for assessing EF and processing speed; we decided to include it in processing speed).
The PCA (Principal Component Analysis) of four tests is indicated by *.