Table 2.
Sociodemographic, psychometric, and neuropsychological characteristics of the study cohort of patients with suspected autoimmune psychosis (AP) spectrum syndromes and the healthy control (HC) group.
| Patients (N=28)a | HC (N=28)a | p-valueb | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic and clinical findings | |||
| Age in years | 38.1 ± 13.1 | 36.2 ± 11.4 | p = 0.896 |
| Sex | |||
| female (%) | 13 (46 %) | 15 (54 %) | p = 0.593 |
| male (%) | 15 (54 %) | 13 (46 %) | |
| Body information | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.7 ± 5.2 | 22.7 ± 2.4 | p = 0.002 |
| Handedness | p = 0.482 | ||
| - Both (N = 23) | 3 (13 %) | 1 (3.6 %) | |
| - Left (N = 23) | 2 (8.7 %) | 3 (11 %) | |
| - Right (N = 23) | 18 (78 %) | 24 (86 %) | |
| Mother tongue | |||
| German | 27 (96 %) | 26 (93 %) | p > 0.999 |
| Chinese | 0 (0 %) | 1 (3.6 %) | |
| Rumanian | 1 (3.6 %) | 1 (3.6 %) | |
| Academic degree | |||
| University degree | 8 (29 %) | 7 (25 %) | p = 0.038 |
| High degree | 8 (29 %) | 18 (64 %) | |
| Middle degree | 8 (29 %) | 3 (11 %) | |
| Low degree | 2 (7.1 %) | 0 (0 %) | |
| Other qualification | 1 (3.6 %) | 0 (0 %) | |
| Current employment status | |||
| Full-time job | 2 (7.1 %) | 14 (50 %) | p < 0.001 |
| Part-time job | 6 (21 %) | 6 (21 %) | |
| Student | 4 (14 %) | 6 (21 %) | |
| Trainee | 1 (3.6 %) | 1 (3.6 %) | |
| Pensioner | 8 (29 %) | 0 (0 %) | |
| Unemployed | 7 (25 %) | 1 (3.6 %) | |
| Current Psychiatric Medication (< 6 month) | |||
| Atypical Antipsychotics | 11 (39 %) | 0 (0 %) | – |
| Typical Antipsychotics | 4 (14 %) | 0 (0 %) | |
| Antidepressants | 17 (61 %) | 0 (0 %) | |
| Mood stabilizers | 3 (11 %) | 0 (0 %) | |
| Anticonvulsants | 6 (21 %) | 0 (0 %) | |
| Benzodiazepines |
3 (11 %) |
0 (0 %) |
|
| Psychometric and neuropsychological scores | |||
| p-valueb | p-valueb | ||
| PANSS | BDI-II (N = 25/28) | p < 0.001 | |
| PANSS sum (N = 27/28) | p < 0.001 | EQ (N = 25/28) | p = 0.824 |
| PANSS positive (N = 27/28) | p < 0.001 | AQ (N = 25/28) | p = 0.002 |
| PANSS negative (N = 27/28) | p < 0.001 | WURS (N = 23/28) | p = 0.049 |
| ADHD-Checklist (N = 22/28) | p < 0.001 | ||
| STAI-G Trait (N = 25/28) | p < 0.001 | ||
| ESI | TAP | ||
| ESI attention and speech impairment (N = 23/27) | p = 0.007 | Alertness no warning tone (N = 20/27) | p = 0.096 |
| ESI auditory uncertainty impairment (N = 23/27) | p = 0.054 | Alertness warning tone | p = 0.114 |
| ESI deviant perception impairment (N = 24/27) | p = 0.043 | Phasic alertness (N = 20/27) | p = 0.281 |
| ESI ideas of reference impairment (N = 23/27) | p = 0.062 | Working memory mistakes (N = 20/27) | p = 0.032 |
| ESI frankness impairment (N = 23/27) | p = 0.831 | Working memory missings (N = 20/27) | p = 0.004 |
| Mental flexibility (N = 20/27) | p < 0.001 | ||
| Divided attention mistakes (N = 20/27) | p = 0.197 | ||
| Divided attention missings (N = 20/27) | p = 0.009 | ||
| VLMT | CFTR-20 IQ (N = 19/24) | p = 0.002 | |
| VLMT Learning | p < 0.001 | SCL-90-R (N = 24/28) | |
| VLMT False positive (N = 26/28) | p = 0.091 | Hostility | p = 0.002 |
| VLMT Preservations (N = 26/28) | p = 0.226 | Anxiety | p < 0.001 |
| VLMT Recognition (N = 26/28) | p < 0.001 | Depression | p < 0.001 |
| VLMT Consolidation | p < 0.001 | Somatization | p = 0.003 |
| Obsessive-compulsive | p < 0.001 | ||
| Interpersonal sensitivity | p = 0.002 | ||
| Phobic anxiety | p = 0.002 | ||
| Paranoid ideation | p = 0.009 | ||
| Psychoticism | p = 0.001 | ||
Abbreviations: ADHD, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; AP, Autoimmune psychosis; AQ, Autism Spectrum Quotient; BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory II; BMI, Body Mass Index; CFTR-20, Culture Fair Intelligence Testing; EQ, Cambridge Behaviour Scale-40; ESI, Eppendorfer Schizophrenia Inventory; HC, Healthy controls; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; SCL-90R, Symptom Checklist-90-R; STAI-G, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; SD, Standard deviation; TAP, Test of Attentional Performance; VLMT, Verbal Learning Memory Test; WURS, Wender Utah Rating Scale.
Mean ± SD; n (%).
Welch Two Sample t-test or Fisher's exact test or Wilcoxon rank sum test.