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. 2025 Oct 7;16:1677883. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2025.1677883

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Copyright © 2025 Liu, Qiao, Qiang, Zhang, Tian, Gu and Chen.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Comparison of seed detection in original and YOLO_P2 images. Rows labeled A to E show soybean and *A. artemisiifolia* seeds. Boxes highlight detections: green for soybeans, blue for *A. artemisiifolia*, orange for false detections, and yellow for missing seeds. YOLO_P2 images on the right demonstrate improved accuracy with fewer false detections and missing seeds compared to the originals on the left. — Detection performance for A. artemisiifolia seeds using the original model and the YOLO_P2 model.