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. 2025 Oct 7;16:1677883. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2025.1677883

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Copyright © 2025 Liu, Qiao, Qiang, Zhang, Tian, Gu and Chen.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Comparison of seed detection in images labeled “Original” and “YOLO_P2” with a legend indicating categories: Soybean, *A. artemisiifolia* seed, *A. trifida* seed, false detection, and missing. Panel A and B show seeds marked with colored boxes representing these categories to indicate detection accuracy. — Detection performance for mixed samples containing imported soybeans, A. trifida L., and A. artemisiifolia L. seeds.