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. 2025 Oct 7;16:1677883. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2025.1677883

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Copyright © 2025 Liu, Qiao, Qiang, Zhang, Tian, Gu and Chen.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Flowchart illustrating a neural network architecture divided into three sections: backbone, neck, and head. The backbone section processes input images through a series of convolutional layers, labeled with dimensions. The neck section includes concatenation and upsampling processes, transferring information to the head section. The head contains detection layers, producing outputs with labeled dimensions. Arrows indicate data flow between processes. — Structure of YOLO_P2.