Table 4. Association between antimicrobial resistance and demographic/clinical variables (n = 560).
p values are calculated using chi-square test
*Significant p values (p < 0.05)
Effect size reported using Cramér’s V (interpretation: 0.1 = small, 0.3 = medium, 0.5 = large)
MDR: multidrug-resistant
| Variable | Category | MDR pathogens (n = 188) | Non-MDR pathogens (n = 372) | χ² (df) | p value | Effect size (Cramér’s V) |
| Age group | <18 years | 14 (7.45) | 60 (16.13) | 13.87 (3) | 0.003* | 0.16 (small-medium) |
| 18-40 years | 61 (32.45) | 127 (34.14) | ||||
| 41-60 years | 59 (31.38) | 105 (28.23) | ||||
| >60 years | 54 (28.72) | 80 (21.50) | ||||
| Gender | Male | 112 (59.57) | 202 (54.30) | 1.50 (1) | 0.221 | 0.05 (negligible) |
| Female | 76 (40.43) | 170 (45.70) | ||||
| Clinical setting | Outpatient | 52 (27.66) | 160 (43.01) | 13.46 (2) | 0.001* | 0.16 (small-medium) |
| Emergency department | 87 (46.28) | 141 (37.90) | ||||
| Admitted <48 hours | 49 (26.06) | 71 (19.09) | ||||
| Specimen type | Urine | 84 (44.68) | 150 (40.32) | 10.27 (4) | 0.038* | 0.14 (small-medium) |
| Blood | 41 (21.81) | 71 (19.09) | ||||
| Wound swab | 33 (17.55) | 64 (17.20) | ||||
| Respiratory | 19 (10.11) | 52 (13.98) | ||||
| Other | 11 (5.85) | 35 (9.41) |