Fig. 4. YopE expression disrupts polarity of the actin cytoskeleton. Wild-type (A) and W303::GAL10-GFP-yopE (B) yeast were grown in non-inducing selective liquid media containing raffinose (2%) and sorbitol (1 M) to OD₆₀₀ = 0.3–0.6. Galactose was added to these asynchronous cultures to a final concentration of 2%. Yeast were then harvested after 2 h, fixed with formaldehyde and stained with rhodamine-labeled phalloidin to visualize the actin cytoskeleton.