Table 2.
Lung microbiota alterations detected in lung cancer patients
| Level | Taxon | Direction of Change | Sample source | Method | Associated Lung Cancer Subtype(s) | Geographic Origin | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phylum | Actinobacteria | ↑ | BALF | 16 S rRNA(V3-V4;V5) | NSCLC | China | [275] |
| Bacteroidetes | ↓ | BALF | 16 S rRNA(V3-V4) | LC | China | [52] | |
| Bacteroidetes | ↑ | BALF | 16 S rRNA(V3-V4) | NSCLC | China | [53] | |
| Firmicutes | ↑ | BALF; Sputum samples | 16 S rRNA(V3-V4) | NSCLC | China; Korea | [41, 53, 58] | |
| Tenericutes | ↑ | BALF | 16 S rRNA(V3-V4) | LC | China | [52] | |
| Class | Bacteroidia | ↓ | BALF | 16 S rRNA(V3-V4) | LC | China | [52] |
| Mollicutes | ↑ | BALF | 16 S rRNA(V3-V4) | LC | China | [52] | |
| Order | Bacteroidales | ↓ | BALF | 16 S rRNA(V3-V4) | LC | China | [52] |
| Entomoplasmatales | ↑ | BALF | 16 S rRNA(V3-V4) | LC | China | [52] | |
| Family | Leuconostocaceae | ↑ | BALF | 16 S rRNA(V3-V4) | LC | China | [52] |
| Spiroplasmataceae | ↑ | BALF | 16 S rRNA(V3-V4) | LC | China | [52] | |
| Genus | Abiotrophia | ↑ | Sputum samples | 16 S rRNA(V1-V2) | NSCLC | America | [54] |
| Achromobacter | ↑ | BALF | 16 S rRNA | LUSC | Portuga | [60] | |
| Acinetobacter | ↑ | BALF | 16 S rRNA(V3-V6) | ADC | Portuga | [60] | |
| Actinomyces | ↑ | BALF; Saliva samples | 16 S rRNA(V3-V4) | ADC; MPN | China | [56, 59] | |
| Arthrobacter | ↑ | BALF | 16 S rRNA(V3-V4) | ADC | China | [59] | |
| Bacillus | ↑ | BALF; Sputum samples | 16 S rRNA(V3-V4) | NSCLC; ADC | China; Russia | [41, 55] | |
| Blautia | ↑ | BALF | 16 S rRNA(V3-V4) | LC | China | [61] | |
| Brevundimonas | ↑ | BALF | 16 S rRNA | ADC | Portuga | [60] | |
| Brucella | ↑ | BALF | 16 S rRNA | LUSC | China | [41] | |
| Capnocytophaga | ↑ | BALF | 16 S rRNA(V3-V4) | LC; LUSC | China; Portuga | [60, 61] | |
| Capnocytophaga | ↓ | BALF | 16 S rRNA(V3-V4) | ADC | China | [59] | |
| Castellaniella | ↑ | BALF | 16 S rRNA | ADC | China | [41] | |
| Clostridium | ↑ | BALF | 16 S rRNA(V3-V4) | NSCLC | China | [275] | |
| Enterobacter | ↑ | BALF | 16 S rRNA | LC; LUSC | France; Portuga | [60, 63] | |
| Filifactor | ↑ | BALF; Sputum samples | 16 S rRNA(V3-V4) | NSCLC | China | [276] | |
| Gemella | ↑ | Sputum samples | 16 S rRNA(V3-V4) | LUSC | Russia | [55] | |
| Gemmiger | ↑ | BALF | 16 S rRNA(V3-V4) | LC | China | [61] | |
| Granulicatella | ↑ | Sputum samples | 16 S rRNA(V1-V2) | NSCLC | America | [54] | |
| Haemophilus | ↑ | Sputum samples | 16 S rRNA(V3-V4) | NSCLC | Russia | [55] | |
| Klebsiella | ↑ | BALF | 16 S rRNA | LUSC | Portuga | [60] | |
| Kluyvera | ↑ | BALF | 16 S rRNA | LUSC | Portuga | [60] | |
| Megasphaera | ↑ | BALF | 16 S rRNA(V3-V4) | NSCLC; ADC | China; Korea | [58, 59] | |
| Morganella | ↑ | BALF | 16 S rRNA | LUSC | Portuga | [60] | |
| Oscillospira | ↑ | BALF | 16 S rRNA(V3-V4) | LC | China | [61] | |
| Phenylobacterium | ↑ | BALF | 16 S rRNA | ADC | Portuga | [60] | |
| Porphyromonas | ↑ | Saliva samples | 16 S rRNA(V3-V4) | MPN | China | [56] | |
| Prevotella | ↑ | BALF; PSB; Saliva samples | 16 S rRNA(V3-V4;V4) | NSCLC | America; China | [6]; [53]; [56] | |
| Prevotella | ↓ | BALF | 16 S rRNA | NSCLC | China | [41] | |
| Propionibacterium | ↑ | BALF | 16 S rRNA | ADC | Portuga | [60] | |
| Rothia | ↓ | BALF | 16 S rRNA(V3-V4) | ADC | China | [59] | |
| Rothia | ↑ | BALF; Saliva samples | 16 S rRNA(V3-V4) | LUSC; MPN | China | [56, 59] | |
| Sediminibacterium | ↑ | BALF | 16 S rRNA(V3-V4) | LC | China | [61] | |
| Serratia | ↑ | BALF | 16 S rRNA | LUSC | Portuga | [60] | |
| Spiroplasma | ↑ | BALF | 16 S rRNA(V3-V4) | LC | China | [52] | |
| Staphylococcus | ↑ | BALF | 16 S rRNA | LC; ADC | France; Portuga | [60, 63] | |
| Streptococcus | ↑ | BALF; PSB; Sputum samples; Saliva samples | 16 S rRNA(V1-V2;V3-V4;V4) | NSCLC; LUSC; MPN | America; China; Russia | [6, 53–57] | |
| Streptococcus | ↓ | BALF | 16 S rRNA(V3-V4) | ADC | China | [59] | |
| Treponema | ↑ | BALF | 16 S rRNA(V3-V4) | NSCLC | China | [276] | |
| Veillonella | ↑ | BALF; PSB; Saliva samples | 16 S rRNA(V3-V4;V4) | NSCLC; ADC; LUSC; MPN | America; Korea; China | [6, 53, 56, 58, 59] | |
| Weissella | ↑ | BALF | 16 S rRNA(V3-V4) | LC | China | [52] | |
| Species | Acinetobacter junii | ↑ | Sputum samples | 16 S rRNA | LC | United Kingdom | [62] |
| Aspergillus fumigatus | ↑ | BALF | 16 S rRNA | LC | France | [63] | |
| Burkholderia cenocepacia | ↑ | BALF | metagenomic NGS | LC | China | [64] | |
| Burkholderia latens | ↑ | BALF | metagenomic NGS | LC | China | [64] | |
| Burkholderia oklahomensis | ↑ | BALF | metagenomic NGS | LC | China | [64] | |
| Candida albicans | ↑ | BALF | 16 S rRNA | LC | France | [63] | |
| Corynebacterium accolens | ↑ | BALF | metagenomic NGS | LC | China | [64] | |
| Escherichia coli | ↑ | BALF; Sputum samples | 16 S rRNA | LC | France; United Kingdom | [62]; [63] | |
| Gemella sanguinis | ↑ | BALF | 16 S rRNA | NSCLC | China | [41] | |
| Granulicatella adiacens | ↑ | Sputum samples | 16 S rRNA | LC | United Kingdom | [62] | |
| Haemophilus influenzae | ↑ | BALF | 16 S rRNA | LC | France | [63] | |
| Lactobacillus plantarum | ↓ | BALF | metagenomic NGS | LC | China | [64] | |
| Porphyromonas somerae | ↑ | BALF | metagenomic NGS | LC | China | [64] | |
| Prevotella oralis | ↓ | BALF | 16 S rRNA | NSCLC | China | [41] | |
| Streptococcus intermedius | ↑ | BALF; Sputum samples | 16 S rRNA | LC; NSCLC | China; United Kingdom | [41, 62] | |
| Streptococcus mitis | ↑ | BALF | metagenomic NGS | LC | China | [64] | |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | ↑ | BALF | 16 S rRNA | LC | France | [63] | |
| Streptococcus viridans | ↑ | Sputum samples | 16 S rRNA | LC | United Kingdom | [62] |
↑ – Microbiota increases in cases compared to respective controls; ↓ – Microbiota decrease in cases compared to respective controls