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. 2025 Jul 16;10(10):3369–3378. doi: 10.1016/j.ekir.2025.07.004

Table 3.

C-statistics and internal validation of CKD prediction model incorporating GDF-15 at different time points in the 4C cohort

Time point C-statistic (95% CI)
Leave-1-out cross-validation
Bootstrapping
Model 0 Model 1 ΔC-statistic Model 0 Model 1 Model 0 Model 1
1-yr 0.851 (0.815–0.887) 0.858 (0.825–0.892) 0.007 (−0.001 to 0.015) 0.849 0.855 0.849 0.855
2-yr 0.814 (0.785–0.844) 0.819 (0.790–0.847) 0.004 (−0.001 to 0.010) 0.812 0.815 0.812 0.815
3-yr 0.799 (0.769–0.828) 0.803 (0.774–0.831) 0.004 (−0.001 to 0.010) 0.796 0.799 0.796 0.800

CI, confidence interval; CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GDF-15, growth differentiation factor 15; SDS, SD score; uPCR, urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio.

Model 0 includes sex, age, log-transformed uPCR, systolic blood pressure SDS, and log-transformed eGFR. Model 1 includes all variables of model 0 and log-transformed GDF-15.