Table 2.
Laboratory findings and CIMT values of study groups.
| Healthy Control (n = 20) | Diabetic Group without complications (n = 45) |
Diabetic Group with Microvascular complications (n = 24) | Diabetic Group with Macrovascular complications (n = 20) | CAD without DM (n = 19) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fasting Blood Glucose (mg/dL) | 89 ± 7 | 163 ± 72 a*** | 164 ± 73 a*** | 164 ± 49 a*** | 96 ± 6 b***, c***, d*** |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.6 ± 0.4 | 7.6 ± 1.9 a*** | 7.8 ± 1.5 a*** | 7.5 ± 1.2 a*** | 5.6 ± 0.4 b***, c***, d*** |
| HOMA-IR | 2.3 ± 0.8 | 6.5 ± 5.9 | 6.4 ± 4.6 | 5.3 ± 3.3 | 13.8 ± 36.3 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 172 ± 15 | 205 ± 42 a* | 186 ± 46 a* | 177 ± 38 b* | 194 ± 33 a* |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 52 ± 13 | 48 ± 14 | 49 ± 13 | 44 ± 11 | 47 ± 10 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 107 ± 17 | 121 ± 39 | 105 ± 35 | 101 ± 31 | 113 ± 31 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL)+ | 81 (65–98) | 193 (140–245) a*** | 134 (90–180) a***, b** | 172 (120–210) a***, b*,c* | 153 (110–195) a***, b* |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 1.1 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 1 ± 0.1 |
| Creatinine clearance (mL/min) | 132 ± 22 | 129 ± 34 | 126 ± 45 | 106 ± 32 a*,b*,c* | 108 ± 19 a*,b* |
| Albumin/creatinine ratio+ | 4 (3–5) | 14 (8–30) | 242 (50–400) | 418 (200–700) | 5 (4–6) |
| CRP (mg/L) + | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) | 6 (3–12) | 9.6 (4–15) | 2.9 (2.0–4.0) | 2.6 (1.8–3.5) |
| Adropin (ng/L) + | 180 ± 39 | 95 ± 27 a*** | 85 ± 18 a*** | 75 ± 15 a***, b* | 53 ± 8 a***, b***, c*** |
| miR-21+ | 15 ± 10 | 54 ± 13 a*** | 74 ± 21 a***, b*** | 105 ± 23 a***, b***, c*** | 165 ± 22 a***, b***, c***, d*** |
| CIMT (mm) | 0.61 ± 0.11 | 0.95 ± 0.21 | 1.01 ± 0.26 | 1 ± 0.2 | 1.08 ± 0.22 |
Abbreviations: CIMT = Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; CAD = Coronary Artery Disease; CRP = C-Reactive Protein; HbA₁c = Hemoglobin A₁c.
Statistical tests: Normality was assessed by the Shapiro–Wilk test. Continuous variables with a normal distribution were compared by one-way ANOVA (with Bonferroni-adjusted Tukey post-hoc tests); non-normally distributed variables were compared by the Kruskal–Wallis test and are indicated by an asterisk (+). Categorical variables were compared by the χ² test. A two-tailed p < 0.05 was considered significant.
a: vs. Healthy Control, b: vs. Diabetic Group without complications, c: vs. Diabetic Group with Microvascular complications, d: vs. Diabetic Group with Macrovascular complications, *:p < 0.05, **:p < 0.01, ***:p < 0.001.