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. 2025 Sep 4;6(1):100936. doi: 10.1016/j.xops.2025.100936

Table 3.

Univariate Generalized Linear Mixed-Effect Model Determination of Factors Associated with ONH Characteristics Changing over Time

Univariate models PPA Ratio
Torsion
Disc–Fovea Distance Ratio
Position of CRVT
Estimate Standard Error P Value Estimate Standard Error P Value Estimate Standard Error P Value Estimate Standard Error P Value
Age 0.008 0.000 <0.0001 0.072 0.036 0.046 0.002 0.001 0.014 0.044 0.002 <0.0001
AL 0.081 0.003 <0.0001 –0.005 0.324 0.990 0.019 0.008 0.012 0.261 0.016 <0.0001
SER –9.915 0.436 <0.0001 0.085 0.160 0.600 –0.010 0.004 0.008 –0.109 0.008 <0.0001
PPA ratio –8.070 2.745 0.004 0.670 0.061 <0.0001 2.160 0.123 <0.0001
Ovality 0.493 0.032 <0.0001 –10.270 3.070 0.001 0.330 0.072 <0.0001 0.798 0.138 <0.0001
Torsion –0.002 0.000 <0.0001 –0.003 0.001 <0.0001 –0.001 0.002 0.480
Disc–fovea distance ratio 0.174 0.015 <0.0001 –6.220 1.380 <0.0001 0.320 0.058 <0.0001
Position of CRVT 0.125 0.006 <0.0001 –0.084 0.584 0.890 0.077 0.013 <0.0001
Atropine 0.670 0.350 0.710 0.370
 Atropine 0.1% 0.007 0.026 –2.630 2.090 0.002 0.066 –0.087 0.066
 Atropine 0.5% –0.011 0.026 –2.880 2.100 –0.038 0.066 –0.035 0.067
Retreatment, yes 0.192 1.894 0.920 80.760 153.380 0.600 –7.951 4.782 0.096 –3.037 4.853 0.530

AL = axial length; CRVT = central retinal vascular trunk; ONH = optic nerve head; PPA = peripapillary atrophy; SER = spherical equivalent refraction.

Bold values indicate statistical significant.