Fig. 1.

Single-cell data revealed a subset of proliferation-arrested cells in bone metastatic prostate cancer. a) Classification of tumor cells into three subpopulations based on anatomical origin: distal site, involved site, metastatic tumor site. b) UMAP projection of single-cell transcriptomes from spinal metastatic tissues of 9 prostate cancer patients, annotated by cell type. c) Heatmap displaying DEGs across the three tumor cell subpopulations. d) Heatmap of differentially enriched Hallmark pathways (GSEA) among the tumor subpopulations. e) Schematic overview of the analysis pipeline for primary tumor cells from 11 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy. f) UMAP projection of single-cell transcriptomes from radical prostatectomy specimens, annotated by identified cell types. g) UMAP plot of epithelial cells from radical prostatectomy tissues showing 17 clusters (0–16); clusters 1 and 11 identified as malignant via inferCNV analysis. h) Schematic summarizing the integrated analysis of primary and metastatic tumor cell datasets. i) Volcano plot of DEGs between primary and distal tumor cells. j) Comparison of Hallmark pathway enrichment related to cell cycle and proliferation between primary and distal tumor cells (GSEA). k) Expression levels of representative genes associated with mitosis and prostate cancer proliferation in primary versus distal tumor cells. l) UMAP projection of integrated single-cell data from distal tumor cells, MSCs, and osteoblasts. m) Volcano plot of signature genes distinguishing distal tumor cells, MSCs, and osteoblasts. n) Ligand-receptor interaction network among distal tumor cells, MSCs, and osteoblasts, identified using the iTALK algorithm. o) Top 20 ligand-receptor interactions between MSCs/osteoblasts and tumor cells predicted by iTALK.