Fig. 2.

Fabrication of a Biomimetic 3D Bone Microenvironment. a) Schematic illustration of the biomimetic BME model. b) Representative photographs of dECM hydrogels before and after gelation. c) Proteomic profiling of lyophilized dECM hydrogels. d) Heatmap showing effective Young's modulus of dECM hydrogels (n = 3). e) Thermal gelation curve of dECM during a temperature ramp from 4 °C to 40 °C. f) Viscosity and shear stress profiles of dECM hydrogels across shear rates ranging from 10⁻¹ to 10² s⁻¹. g) Degradation profile of dECM hydrogels over 20 days. h) Swelling behavior of dECM hydrogels. i) SEM images of lyophilized dECM hydrogels at magnifications of 50 × , 100 × , 200 × , and 500 × (scale bars: 500 μm, 250 μm, 125 μm, and 50 μm). j) Schematic of the custom-designed 3D bioprinter. k) Schematic representation of the CPC scaffold. l) Image of a 3D-printed CPC scaffold (15 mm × 15 mm). m) Image of a 3D-printed trabecular bone-like CPC structure. n) Chemical structure of CPC. o) Temperature-dependent rheological profile of CPC showing storage and loss modulus changes from 4 °C to 40 °C. p) Viscosity and shear stress profiles of CPC across shear rates from 10⁻¹ to 10² s⁻¹. q) Compressive stress-strain curves of CPC material. r) SEM images of lyophilized CPC scaffolds at magnifications of 27 × , 100 × , 1000 × , and 5000 × (scale bars: 400 μm, 200 μm, 20 μm, and 2 μm).