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. 2025 Oct 24;25:3595. doi: 10.1186/s12889-025-24806-6

Table 2.

Biomarker profile of the study population stratified by sex

Variable Men (N = 306) Women (N = 389) Total (N = 695) P value*
BMI (kg/m2) 20.6 (15.6, 33.3) 22.0 (15.1, 43.1) 21.3 (15.1, 43.1) < 0.001
WC (cm) 72.5 (56.0, 100.1) 75.0 (58.0, 110.7) 74.0 (56.0, 110.7) < 0.001
HC (cm) 82.8 (70.0, 107.0) 88.0 (11.9, 134.0) 86.0 (11.9, 134.0) < 0.001
WHR 0.9 (0.8, 1.1) 0.9 (0.6, 8.2) 0.9 (0.6, 8.2) < 0.001
SBP (mmHg) 121.5 (81.5, 204.0) 120.5 (89.0, 221.0) 121.0 (81.5, 221.0) 0.537
DBP (mmHg) 74.5 (50.0, 130.0) 76.0 (53.0, 129.5) 75.5 (50.0, 130.0) 0.369
CIMTLeft (cm) 0.7 (0.4, 6.7) 0.7 (0.4, 6.7) 0.7 (0.1, 6.7) 0.217
CIMTRight (cm) 0.7 (0.1, 1.0) 0.7 (0.1, 1.1) 0.7 (0.1, 1.1) 0.662
Insulin (mIU/ml) 2.0 (2.0, 301.0) 2.6 (2.0, 301.0) 2.0 (2.0, 301.0) < 0.001
Glucose (mmol/l) 4.3 (2.2, 11.9) 4.5 (3.1, 20.7) 4.4 (2.2, 20.7) 0.004
HDL-C (mmol/l) 1.2 (0.1, 3.0) 1.2 (0.2, 2.6) 1.2 (0.1, 3.0) 0.274
LDL-C (mmol/l) 1.5 (0.4, 5.4) 1.5 (0.4, 5.1) 1.5 (0.4, 5.4) 0.664
TC (mmol/l) 3.4 (0.3, 6.6) 3.4 (0.5, 6.8) 3.4 (0.3, 6.8) 0.980
TG (mmol/l) 0.6 (0.2, 2.4) 0.6 (0.1, 2.8) 0.6 (0.1, 2.8) 0.137
SAT (cm) 0.7 (0.2, 2.2) 1.0 (0.3, 3.9) 0.8 (0.2, 3.9) < 0.001
VAT (cm) 4.1 (1.9, 9.1) 3.3 (1.5, 8.5) 3.6 (1.5, 9.1) < 0.001
Urine Protein (mmol/l) 0.1 (0.0, 3.6) 0.1 (0.0, 7.0) 0.1 (0.0, 7.0) 0.036
Urine Creatinine (mmol/l) 9.7 (1.1, 41.3) 8.4 (1.2, 35.2) 9.1 (1.1, 41.3) 0.067

*P value for the difference between men and women

WC waist circumference, HC hip circumference, WHR waist-to-hip ratio, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, CIMT carotid intima median thickness, HDL-C High density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low density lipoprotein cholesterol, TC total protein, TG triglycerides SAT subcutaneous adipose tissue, VAT visceral adipose tissue