Table 7.

Major barriers to LAI adoption and proposed solutions.

Barrier category	Specific issue	Impact level	Proposed solution	Implementation difficulty	References
Technical	High skill requirements	High	Standardized training and certification	Moderate	(18, 62)
	Need for extensive practice	High	VR/AR-based surgical training	Moderate	(18, 62)
Economic	High equipment investment	High	Portable, integrated devices; leasing	High	(63)
	High entry cost for small farms	Moderate	Shared-use or subsidy programs	Moderate	(63)
Welfare	Surgical risk and pain	Moderate	Mandatory sedation and analgesia	Low	(23)
Data	Lack of interoperability	Moderate	FAIR-compliant open data platforms	High	(1, 64)
	Absence of unified standards	Moderate	Industry-wide standardization	High	(1, 64)