Table 1.
Characteristics of EMSCI, Sygen, and NISCI cohorts. Values reported at patient level and for earliest initial and outcome assessment; cohort analyzed for EMSCI includes imputed values (Additional File 1: Tables S3 to S6). EMSCI cohorts for the machine learning benchmark and trial simulations differ in the cut-off for the latest possible time allowed for the earliest assessment (benchmark: ≤ 98 DAI; trial simulations: ≤ 40 DAI) and follow-up time reported (benchmark: ≥ 150 DAI; trial simulations: last available follow-up). Distributions of age and initial injury severity were compared using a two-sided t-test and a chi-squared test respectively with a significance level 0.05. * and # indicate statistically significant differences between EMSCI and Sygen, and EMSCI and NISCI cohorts respectively
| EMSCI | Sygen | NISCI | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Benchmark (n = 4196) | Trial simulations (n = 3895) | Benchmark (n = 587) | Benchmark (n = 111) | ||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 46 (18)* | 46 (18) | 32 (13)* | 46 (17) | |
| Time to first assessment (days), mean (SD) | 22 (20) | 18 (12) | 9 (15) | 21 (5) | |
| Time to (first) follow-up (days), mean (SD) | 216 (91) | 301 (104) | 209 (55) | 190 (18) | |
| Sex (female), n (%) | 928 (22.1) | 859 (22.1) | 122 (20.8) | 16 (14.4) | |
| Initial VAC (present), n (%) | 1280 (30.5) | 1174 (30.1) | 87 (14.8) | 45 (40.5) | |
| Initial DAP (present), n (%) | 2197 (52.4) | 2048 (52.6) | 202 (34.4) | 77 (69.4%) | |
| Initial neurological level of injury, n (%) | |||||
| Cervical | 2256 (53.8) | 2064 (53.0) | 448 (76.3) | 111 (100) | |
| Thoracic | 1563 (37.3) | 1475 (37.9) | 139 (23.7) | 0 | |
| Lumbar | 377 (9.0) | 356 (9.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 | |
| Sacral | - | - | - | - | |
| Initial Injury severity (AIS grade), n (%) | |||||
| AIS A | 1807 (43.1)*,# | 1675 (43.0) | 377 (64.2)* | 31 (27.9)# | |
| AIS B | 539 (12.5)*,# | 501 (12.9) | 64 (10.9)* | 23 (20.7)# | |
| AIS C | 761 (18.1)*,# | 721 (18.5) | 118 (20.1)* | 28 (25.2)# | |
| AIS D | 1089 (26.0)*,# | 998 (25.6) | 28 (4.8)* | 29 (26.1)# | |