Table 2.
Pre- and post-intervention outcomes with effect sizes in sedentary obese women with NAFLD. Baseline and post-intervention values for anthropometric measures, liver enzymes, fasting blood sugar, IL-6, and hepatic steatosis grades in the hybrid exercise and control groups. Between-group differences were assessed using ANCOVA with baseline values as covariates. Effect sizes are reported as partial η² for ANCOVA models and cohen’s d for within-group comparisons. Significant results (p < 0.05) denote improvements in favor of the hybrid exercise group
| Outcome | Group | Pre-Intervention (Mean ± SD) | Post-Intervention (Mean ± SD) | Adjusted Mean Difference (95% CI) | Partial η² | Cohen’s d | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Weight (kg) | Hybrid Exercise | 91.82 ± 4.64 | 87.31 ± 5.61 | −4.51 (− 5.8, − 3.2) | 0.52 | 1.2 | 0.01* |
| Control | 90.47 ± 6.43 | 91.27 ± 6.12 | 0.80 (− 0.6, 2.2) | 0.03 | 0.1 | 0.46 | |
| BMI (kg/m²) | Hybrid Exercise | 31.36 ± 1.19 | 29.80 ± 1.21 | −1.56 (− 1.9, − 1.2) | 0.67 | 1.3 | < 0.01* |
| Control | 32.08 ± 3.06 | 32.43 ± 3.41 | 0.35 (− 0.1, 0.8) | 0.02 | 0.1 | 0.14 | |
| WHR | Hybrid Exercise | 1.28 ± 0.01 | 1.238 ± 0.05 | −0.042 (− 0.05, − 0.03) | 0.31 | 0.9 | 0.006* |
| Control | 1.33 ± 0.09 | 1.34 ± 0.10 | 0.01 (− 0.02, 0.04) | 0.01 | 0.1 | 0.92 | |
| AST (U/L) | Hybrid Exercise | 86.69 ± 5.70 | 59.23 ± 6.22 | −27.46 (− 30.1, − 24.8) | 0.61 | 1.4 | < 0.01* |
| Control | 84.22 ± 5.11 | 88.28 ± 6.82 | 4.06 (1.5, 6.6) | 0.05 | 0.2 | 0.51 | |
| ALT (U/L) | Hybrid Exercise | 86.15 ± 9.37 | 54.29 ± 5.48 | −31.86 (− 34.9, − 28.8) | 0.65 | 1.6 | < 0.01* |
| Control | 90.98 ± 5.70 | 93.82 ± 5.61 | 2.84 (− 0.2, 5.9) | 0.04 | 0.2 | 0.36 | |
| AST/ALT ratio | Hybrid Exercise | 1.01 ± 0.09 | 1.09 ± 0.07 | 0.08 (0.05, 0.11) | 0.45 | 1.0 | 0.02* |
| Control | 0.93 ± 0.08 | 0.94 ± 0.09 | 0.01 (− 0.02, 0.04) | 0.02 | 0.1 | 0.81 | |
| FBS (mg/dL) | Hybrid Exercise | 115 ± 4 | 114 ± 4 | −2 (− 2.4, − 1.6) | 0.06 | −0.3 | 0.10 |
| Control | 112 ± 4 | 113 ± 4 | 2 (1.6, 2.4) | 0.06 | 0.3 | 0.10 | |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | Hybrid Exercise | 19.3 ± 0.8 | 16.3 ± 1.2 | −3.0 (− 3.4, − 2.6) | 0.42 | 1.1 | 0.03* |
| Control | 19.8 ± 0.3 | 20.3 ± 0.7 | 0.5 (0.1, 0.9) | 0.06 | 0.3 | 0.73 | |
| Liver Steatosis Grade | Hybrid Exercise | 2.33 ± 0.48 | 1.53 ± 0.51 | −0.80 (− 1.0, − 0.6) | 0.38 | 1.0 | 0.003* |
| Control | 2.31 ± 0.48 | 2.29 ± 0.59 | −0.02 (− 0.2, 0.2) | 0.01 | 0.1 | 0.17 |
Notes: Data presented as Mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated. Adjusted Mean Difference calculated via ANCOVA with baseline values as covariates (95% confidence intervals). Partial η² values ≥ 0.14 denote large effects. Cohen’s d values ≥ 0.8 indicate large effects. *p < 0.05 considered statistically significant
Abbreviations: BMI = Body Mass Index; WHR = Waist-to-Hip Ratio; AST = Aspartate Transaminase; ALT = Alanine Transaminase; FBS = Fasting Blood Sugar; IL-6 = Interleukin-6