Table 1. Cytokine-induced hematopoietic reprogramming.

The table includes stimuli of hematopoietic reprogramming from studies for which cytokines were directly investigated. The phenotype-defining cytokine is bolded. Rows are colored according to cytokine (red—IL1β, yellow—IL6 ± IFN, blue—IFN in the absence of IL6). Stimuli that induce similar cytokine repertoires also produce similar reprogramming effects.

Stimulus	Species studied	Type	Key cytokines induced	Persistent reprogramming outcome	References
β-Glucan	Mice	Infectious mimic (PRR agonist) and inflammasome activator	IL-1β, G-CSF	Inherent LT-HSC myeloid bias; trained EM response to chemotherapy	Mitroulis et al., 2018
LIP	Mice	Sterile inflammation	IL-1β, G-CSF	Inherent LT-HSC myeloid bias; trained EM response to LPS; primed monocyte and neutrophil TNFα/IL-6 secretion upon LPS challenge	Li et al., 2022
BCG vaccination	Mice	Live attenuated infection	IFN-γ	Increased macrophage antimicrobial activity; IFN-γ dependent	Kaufmann et al., 2018
COVID-19 infection	Human	Viral infection	IL-6	Lasting monocyte chromatin remodeling and priming; persistent GMP expansion; reversed by IL-6 blockade	Cheong et al., 2023
Western diet	Mice	Metabolic trigger	IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-1β, G-CSF, GM-CSF	Lasting monocyte priming; GMP chromatin remodeling, differential gene expression, monocyte skewing	Christ et al., 2018