Fig. 6. (A) C-Raf DDED is sufficient to induce neurite outgrowths in PC12 cells. PC12 cells were transfected with (a) wild-type, (b) S338D/Y341D, (c) T491E/S494D or (d) DDED Flag-tagged C-Raf constructs or (e) HA-tagged H-RasV12. After 48 h in differentiation media, cells were fixed and incubated with anti-Flag or anti-HA antibody, washed and incubated with an anti-mouse IgG–Texas Red secondary antibody. Cells positive for expression were marked for neurite outgrowths. The percent of immunofluorescence-positive cells with neurites are indicated on top of each panel. (B) Effect of lin-45-ED transgene on C.elegans vulval induction. Normal vulva structures are indicated by an arrowhead in (a) a wild-type lin-45 transgenic line and (b) a lin-45-ED transgenic line where ectopic vulva structures are indicated by a black dot.