Table 1. ncRNAs in wheat diseases and stress responses.

Function	ncRNAs	Reference(s)
Regulation of resistance to Fusarium Head Blight	lncRsp1 miR398 miR1432 XLOC_302848 XLOC_321638 XLOC_113815 XLOC_123624	Wang et al. (2021), Wang et al. (2022), Wu et al. (2025)
Regulation of rust resistance	TCONS_00155902 TCONS_00103472 TCONS_00147277 TCONS_00147276 TCONS_00029083 TCONS_00013986 novel-Ta-miR02	Chen et al. (2015), Das et al. (2023)
Regulation of powdery mildew resistance	Ta-miR397 lncRNA MSTRG.20701	Nair et al. (2022), Guan et al. (2023)
Modulation of blight resistance	lncRNA MSTRG.4380.1	Cao et al. (2023)
Pest defense	miR-87 miR-281	Yang et al. (2023)
Modulating co-infection by both viruses (TriMV and WSMV)	miR397-5p miR398 miR9670-3p	Yi et al. (2023)
Regulation of drought stress in wheat	miR159 Ta-miR408 miR166 h miR9662a-3p Ta-miR5062-5A novel-miR-340 novel-miR-417 miRN4330 miR5071a miRN4321b #PS_199	Chen & Yu (2023), Akdogan et al. (2016), Zhou et al. (2024), Gómez-Martín et al. (2023), Sharma et al. (2025)
Regulation of cold stress in wheat	Traes_2BS_7A04BF5D5 miR394	Hou et al. (2025), Diaz et al. (2019)
Regulation of heat stress in wheat	miR1117 miR1125 miR1130 miR113 miR156 miR166 miR393 lncRNA MSTRG.20144 lncRNA MSTRG.31273 lncRNA MSTRG.51285	Song et al. (2017), Babaei, Bhalla & Singh (2024), Kumar et al. (2015)
Regulation of salt stress in wheat	miR159a miR160 miR167 miR1118	Song et al. (2017), Sharma et al. (2021), Qiao et al. (2023)
Involved in cadmium transport and detoxification, photosynthesis and antioxidant defense	lncRNA37228 Ta-miR9670 Ta-lncRNA18313	Zhang et al. (2023a), Zhu et al. (2023), Ma et al. (2024

Notes.

ncRNAs in disease/stress responses and reference(s).