Table 3.

Interoperability Requirements for AI-Powered CPR Systems

Configuration	Purpose / Benefit	Standard / Example	Reference
HL7 FHIR & Related APIs	Facilitate seamless data exchange between EHRs, EMS, and AI platforms to enable real-time decision support during CPR.	FHIR R4, SMART on FHIR	[41]
SNOMED-CT and LOINC vocabularies	Ensure standardized clinical terminology and data representation, supporting accurate and interoperable AI-driven decision-making in CPR contexts.	SNOMED-CT (diagnoses); LOINC (laboratory data)	[42]
ISO/IEEE 11073 Device Communication	Enable real-time transmission of physiological data from medical devices to AI systems during CPR, ensuring timely analysis and feedback.	ISO/IEEE 11073–20,601 (ECG, SpO₂)	[40]

Abbreviations: CPR, Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; ECG, Electrocardiogram; EHR, Electronic Health Record; EMS, Emergency Medical Services; FHIR, Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources; HL7, Health Level Seven International; ISO/IEEE 11073, International Organization for Standardization / Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 11073; LOINC, Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes; SMART on FHIR, Substitutable Medical Applications and Reusable Technologies on Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources; SNOMED-CT, Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine—Clinical Terms; SpO₂, Peripheral Capillary Oxygen Saturation.