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. 2025 Oct 13;13:1622080. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1622080

Table 2.

Mental health problems regressed on socioeconomic status indicators.

Estimates Stress Psychosomatic symptoms
All Males Females All Males Females
Income
B (std. B)a −0.003 (−0.100) −0.004 (−0.147) −0.002 (−0.064) −0.002 (−0.078) −0.002 (−0.074) −0.002 (−0.076)
95% CI for B −0.005, −0.001 −0.007, −0.002 −0.004, 0.000 −0.004, −0.001 −0.004, 0.000 −0.004, 0.000
p-value <0.001 <0.001 0.08 0.005 0.091 0.039
R2b 0.009 0.02 0.003 0.005 0.004 0.004
Father’s education
B (std. B)a −1.086 (−0.089) −1.235 (−0.106) −0.690 (−0.057) −1.155 (−0.108) −1.243 (−0.123) −0.780 (−0.074)
95% CI for B −1.799, −0.374 −2.295, −0.174 −1.619, 0.239 −1.784,-0.527 −2.161, −0.324 −1.595, 0.034
p-value 0.003 0.023 0.145 <0.001 0.008 0.06
R2b 0.007 0.009 0.002 0.011 0.013 0.004
Mother’s education
B (std. B)a −1.537 (−0.120) −1.803 (−0.148) −1.139 (−0.090) −1.263 (−0.111) −1.465 (−0.137) −0.894 (−0.080)
95% CI for B −2.245, −0.828 −2.849, −0.757 −2.059, −0.220 −1.891, −0.635 −2.387, −0.543 −1.697, −0.090
p-value <0.001 <0.001 0.015 <0.001 0.002 0.029
R2b 0.014 0.02 0.007 0.012 0.017 0.005

CI, confidence interval.

a

Unstandardized beta coefficient (Standardized beta coefficient).

b

Adjusted coefficient of determination.