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. 2025 Oct 13;12:1649657. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1649657

Table 2.

General characteristics of internal validation set.

Subgroup Non-hypotension group (n = 108) Hypotension group (n = 105) p-value*
Age, Mean ± SD 32.09 ± 6.18 31.58 ± 6.29 0.550
Pre BMI, Mean ± SD 28.57 ± 3.49 28.87 ± 3.62 0.545
Parity, n (%) 0.921
0 32 (29.63) 28 (26.67)
1 29 (26.85) 29 (27.62)
2 21 (19.44) 19 (18.10)
3 26 (24.07) 29 (27.62)
PE type, n (%) <0.001
Early-onset 55 (50.93) 28 (26.67)
Late-onset 53 (49.07) 77 (73.33)
PE severity, n (%) <0.001
Mild 60 (55.56) 28 (26.67)
Severe 48 (44.44) 77 (73.33)
Platelet, Mean ± SD 224.44 ± 41.22 121.86 ± 22.95 <0.001
ALT, Mean ± SD 73.05 ± 29.28 65.78 ± 31.09 0.081
AST, Mean ± SD 63.69 ± 27.16 63.00 ± 27.83 0.856
Sflt 1 Plgf Ratio, Mean ± SD 51.64 ± 13.37 143.83 ± 33.56 <0.001
Urine protein, Mean ± SD 865.61 ± 326.72 3213.95 ± 1038.32 <0.001
PAPP A, Mean ± SD 1.42 ± 0.66 1.41 ± 0.66 0.954
Baseline SBP, Mean ± SD 135.18 ± 14.26 134.05 ± 14.17 0.563
Baseline DBP, Mean ± SD 87.05 ± 4.61 99.42 ± 6.46 <0.001
Baseline PI, Mean ± SD 4.54 ± 0.85 2.56 ± 0.60 <0.001
BPV, Mean ± SD 10.54 ± 2.59 18.66 ± 3.46 <0.001
HRV, Mean ± SD 50.56 ± 14.74 51.16 ± 14.27 0.764
Puncture space, n (%) 0.938
L2-3 56 (51.85) 55 (52.38)
L3-4 52 (48.15) 50 (47.62)
Anesthesia level, n (%) <0.001
T10 33 (30.56) 22 (20.95)
T6 38 (35.19) 66 (62.86)
T8 37 (34.26) 17 (16.19)
Preload fluid, Mean ± SD 871.79 ± 68.61 886.07 ± 68.23 0.129
LA dose, Mean ± SD 9.61 ± 0.89 12.45 ± 1.04 <0.001
Time to incision, Mean ± SD 14.66 ± 6.16 15.27 ± 6.14 0.470
Gestational weeks, Mean ± SD 33.00 ± 3.33 33.70 ± 3.45 0.136
Fetus weight, Mean ± SD 2817.92 ± 357.63 3139.77 ± 358.29 <0.001
UA SD ratio, Mean ± SD 2.64 ± 0.34 3.74 ± 0.42 <0.001
NST result, n (%) 0.793
Non-reactive 20 (18.52) 18 (17.14)
Reactive 88 (81.48) 87 (82.86)
SBP min, Mean ± SD 105.02 ± 8.92 76.12 ± 5.71 <0.001
Vasopressor total, Mean ± SD 86.27 ± 42.12 539.48 ± 170.31 <0.001
UA pH, Mean ± SD 7.30 ± 0.06 7.20 ± 0.06 <0.001
Fetal acidosis, n (%) <0.001
No 108 (100.00) 48 (45.71)
Yes 0 (0.00) 57 (54.29)

Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation, or number (%). SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; ALT, Alanine Aminotransferase; AST, Aspartate Aminotransferase; BPV, Blood Pressure Variability; DBP, Diastolic Blood Pressure; HRV, Heart Rate Variability; LA, Local Anesthetic; NST, Non-Stress Test; PAPP-A, Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A; PE, Preeclampsia; PI, Perfusion Index; PlGF, Placental Growth Factor; SBP, Systolic Blood Pressure; SD (in UA SD ratio): Systolic/Diastolic; sFlt-1, soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1; UA, Umbilical Artery.