TABLE 5.
Comprehensive analysis of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles sources and their therapeutic efficacy across diseases.
| Stem cell source | Number of studies | Common disease targets | Key outcomes | Reported efficacy |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bone Marrow (BM-MSC) | 308 | Ischemic Stroke, IUA, TBI, Diabetic Wounds, Kidney Transplantation, Liver Diseases, NAFLD/NASH, SAH, Osteoporosis, DKD, SCI, Bone Injury, Osteosarcoma, AKI, CKD, POI, Asthma, Hemorrhagic Stroke, ALI/ARDS, Knee OA, MS, Cardiovascular Diseases, Periodontal Regeneration, Wound Healing, Liver Fibrosis | Reduced cerebral infarct volume (SMD -3.76), mNSS (SMD -2.11), SCr (MD -0.93 mg/dL), inflammation (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β; SMD -3.12), apoptosis (SMD -4.52), fibrosis, ALT, AST; improved AMH (SMD 5.39), BV/TV (WMD 14.07%), BBB score (WMD 3.47), wound closure (SMD 3.60), angiogenesis (SMD 4.64), EF (SMD 1.57) | High (less effective for kidney transplantation, acute/subacute ICH; best for revascularization) |
| Adipose Tissue (AD-MSC) | 154 | Ischemic Stroke, IUA, Diabetic Wounds, Sepsis, Kidney Transplantation, Liver Diseases, NAFLD/NASH, Osteoporosis, DKD, SCI, Bone Injury, Osteosarcoma, AKI, ED, CKD, Asthma, Hemorrhagic Stroke, ALI/ARDS, Knee OA, MS, Cardiovascular Diseases, TBI, POI, Wound Healing, Liver Fibrosis | Reduced inflammation (IL-6, TNF-α; SMD -2.30), cerebral infarct volume (SMD -3.76), SCr (MD -0.93 mg/dL), fibrosis, ALT, AST; improved wound closure (SMD 4.22), angiogenesis (SMD 4.64), AMH (SMD 5.39), BBB score (SMD -3.29), GFR | High (most effective for angiogenesis, wound closure; less effective for SCI, acute/subacute ICH) |
| Umbilical Cord (hUC-MSC) | 119 | Ischemic Stroke, IUA, Diabetic Wounds, Sepsis, Liver Diseases, NAFLD/NASH, SAH, Osteoporosis, DKD, SCI, Bone Injury, AKI, CKD, POI, Asthma, Hemorrhagic Stroke, ALI/ARDS, Knee OA, MS, Cardiovascular Diseases, TBI, Periodontal Regeneration, Wound Healing, Liver Fibrosis | Reduced inflammation (IL-6, TNF-α; SMD -2.30), cerebral infarct volume (SMD -3.76), SCr (MD -0.93 mg/dL), fibrosis, ALT, AST; improved AMH (SMD 5.39), wound closure (SMD 3.60), angiogenesis (SMD 4.64), BBB score (SMD -3.29), EF (SMD 1.57) | High (most effective for knee OA, periodontal regeneration) |
| Menstrual Blood (MenSC) | 6 | IUA, Diabetic Wounds, Liver Diseases, POI, Wound Healing | Reduced fibrosis, inflammation, ALT, AST; improved wound closure (SMD 3.60), angiogenesis, AMH, E2, pregnancy odds | High |
| Uterus (uMSC) | 1 | IUA | Reduced fibrosis; increased gland number | High |
| Synovial (SMSC) | 6 | Diabetic Wounds, Knee OA, Wound Healing | Reduced IL-1β, TNF-α, MMP-13; improved wound closure (SMD 3.60), angiogenesis, OARSI score, type II collagen, aggrecan, IL-10 | High (superior for knee OA) |
| Decidua MSCs | 2 | Diabetic Wounds, Wound Healing | Reduced inflammation (IL-6; SMD -2.30); improved wound closure (SMD 3.16), angiogenesis (SMD 4.64), re-epithelialization (SMD 4.68) | High |
| Gingival MSCs | 3 | Diabetic Wounds, Type II Diabetic Wounds, Periodontal Regeneration | Reduced inflammation (IL-6; SMD -2.30); improved wound closure (SMD 3.16), angiogenesis (SMD 4.64), BV/TV (WMD 14.07%), CEJ-ABC (WMD -0.12 mm) | High |
| Amniotic (AMSC) | 4 | Liver Diseases, Wound Healing | Reduced ALT, AST, fibrosis; improved wound closure (SMD 3.60), angiogenesis, collagen deposition | High |
| Tonsil (TSC) | 1 | Liver Diseases | Reduced ALT, AST, fibrosis | High |
| Placental (hPMSC) | 6 | NAFLD/NASH, SCI, Asthma, Wound Healing | Reduced AST, ALT, inflammation, BALF IL-4; improved locomotion (BBB), neuro-regeneration, wound closure (SMD 3.60), angiogenesis | High |
| Urine-Derived (USC) | 7 | Osteoporosis, DKD, ED, CKD | Reduced SCr, BUN, inflammation; improved BMD, BV/TV, ICP/MAP, nNOS, eNOS, GFR | High |
| Wharton’s Jelly (hWJMSC) | 2 | SCI, AKI | Reduced inflammation, SCr, BUN, TNF-α; improved locomotion (BBB), neuro-regeneration, IL-10 | High |
| Dental Pulp (DPSC) | 5 | SCI, Knee OA, Ischemic Stroke, Periodontal Regeneration | Reduced IL-1β, TNF-α, cerebral infarct volume; improved locomotion (BBB), OARSI score, BV/TV (WMD 14.07%), type II collagen, IL-10 | High |
| Mouse Umbilical Cord (mUCMSC) | 1 | SCI | Reduced inflammation, GFAP; improved locomotion, neuro-regeneration | High |
| Kidney-Derived (KMSC) | 2 | AKI | Reduced SCr, BUN, TNF-α, apoptosis; increased IL-10 | High |
| Human Liver Stem Cell (HLSC) | 3 | AKI, CKD | Reduced SCr, BUN, TNF-α, apoptosis; increased IL-10, GFR | High |
| Human Umbilical Cord Blood (hUCB-MSC) | 8 | DKD, CKD, ED | Reduced SCr, BUN, inflammation, fibrosis; improved IL-10, E-Cadherin, ICP/MAP, nNOS, eNOS, GFR | High |
| Muscle-Derived Stem Cells (MDSC) | 1 | ED | Improved ICP/MAP, nNOS, eNOS, smooth muscle/collagen ratio | High |
| Amniotic Fluid (AF-MSC) | 11 | CKD, POI, Knee OA | Reduced IL-1β, TNF-α, SCr, BUN; improved OARSI score, type II collagen, GFR, AMH, E2, pregnancy odds | High |
| Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC-MSC) | 6 | POI, Asthma, Wound Healing | Reduced BALF IL-4; improved follicle count, AMH, E2, pregnancy odds, wound closure (SMD 3.60), angiogenesis | High |
| Clonal MSC (H-cMSC) | 1 | POI | Improved follicle count, AMH, E2, pregnancy odds | High |
| Periodontal Ligament (PDLSC) | 9 | MS, Periodontal Regeneration | Reduced inflammation (IL-17, IFN-γ, IL-1β), microglial activation; improved clinical score (SMD -2.17), BV/TV (WMD 14.07%), remyelination, Tregs | High (most effective for MS) |
| Neural Stem Cell (NSCEVs) | 12 | TBI, SCI | Reduced inflammation; improved mNSS (MD -2.0), BBB score (SMD 0.91), neuro-regeneration | High (early effect in SCI) |
| Dental Follicle Stem Cells (DFSCs) | 2 | Periodontal Regeneration | Improved BV/TV (WMD 14.07%), BMD (SMD 0.29); reduced CEJ-ABC (WMD -0.12 mm), Tb.Sp (SMD -0.08) | High (effective for bone regeneration) |
| Stem Cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth (SHEDs) | 2 | Periodontal Regeneration | Improved BV/TV (WMD 14.07%), BMD (SMD 0.29); reduced CEJ-ABC (WMD -0.12 mm), Tb.Sp (SMD -0.08) | High (effective for bone regeneration) |
| Apical Papilla Stem Cells (SCAPs) | 1 | Periodontal Regeneration | Improved BV/TV (SMD 13.99), BMD (SMD 0.29); reduced CEJ-ABC (SMD -0.22), Tb.Sp (SMD -0.08) | High (effective for bone regeneration) |
| Hair Follicle MSCs | 1 | Wound Healing | Improved wound closure (SMD 3.60), angiogenesis, collagen deposition | High (superior for wound closure in diabetic models) |
| Oral Mucosa Lamina MSCs | 3 | Wound Healing | Improved wound closure (SMD 3.60), angiogenesis, collagen deposition | High |
| Orbicularis Oculi Muscle MSCs | 1 | Wound Healing | Improved wound closure (SMD 3.60), angiogenesis, collagen deposition | High |