Table 5.

Comparison of mean food group scores during and before pregnancy among women without gestational diabetes mellitus

Women without GDM (n = 394)	During pregnancy		Before pregnancy		Mean difference		95% Confidence interval
Food groups	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Lower-upper limit	p-value
Dark green leafy vegetables	1.14	0.77	1.23	0.71	–0.08	1.01	(–0.18; 0.02)	0.102
Cruciferous vegetables	0.83	0.70	1.13	0.72	–0.30	1.00	(–0.40; –0.20)	<0.0001
Deep orange vegetables	0.54	0.59	1.11	0.71	–0.57	0.91	(–0.66; –0.48)	<0.0001
Other vegetables	1.43	0.64	1.16	0.71	0.27	0.98	(0.17; 0.37)	<0.0001
Citrus fruits	0.78	0.71	1.11	0.71	–0.33	1.71	(–0.43; –0.23)	<0.0001
Deep orange fruits	0.41	0.59	1.06	0.72	–0.65	0.05	(–0.74; –0.56)	<0.0001
Other fruits	0.85	0.12	1.12	0.74	–0.27	1.00	(–0.37; –0.17)	<0.0001
Beans, peas, and soya products	1.06	0.75	1.09	0.72	–0.03	1.04	(–0.13; 0.07)	0.563
Nuts and seeds	0.75	0.69	1.18	0.72	–0.43	0.98	(–0.53; –0.33)	<0.0001
Poultry	0.69	0.73	1.07	0.78	–0.38	1.09	(–0.49; –0.27)	<0.0001
Fish	0.83	0.70	1.14	0.72	–0.31	0.94	(–0.40; –0.22)	<0.0001
low-fat dairy	0.23	0.59	1.18	0.70	–0.94	0.87	(–1.03; –0.86)	<0.0001
Whole grains	0.87	0.69	1.14	0.73	–0.27	0.96	(–0.37; –0.17)	<0.0001
Liquid oils	0.86	0.70	1.18	0.70	–0.31	0.98	(–0.41; –0.22)	<0.0001
Eggs	1.16	0.71	1.17	0.75	–0.01	1.11	(–0.11; 0.10)	0.927
White roots and tubers	0.88	0.74	0.84	0.76	–0.41	1.03	(–0.06; 0.14)	0.436
Red meat	1.12	0.70	0.85	0.73	0.28	0.97	(0.18; 0.37)	<0.0001
Processed meat	1.51	0.65	0.92	0.72	0.59	0.94	(0.49; 0.68)	<0.0001
Refined grains and baked products	0.46	0.63	0.43	0.62	0.03	0.88	(–0.06; 0.12)	0.462
Sugar-sweetened beverages	1.11	0.71	0.91	0.73	0.20	0.10	(0.11; 0.30)	<0.0001
Sweets, sugary snacks, ice cream	1.17	0.72	0.83	0.73	0.34	1.04	(0.24; 0.44)	<0.0001
Fried foods	0.79	0.74	0.83	0.75	–0.04	1.02	(–0.14; 0.05)	0.401

Note: GDM, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus; SD, Standard Deviation.