Table I. Endogenous apoptosis regulatory proteins acting at the mitochondrial level.
| Class of proteins | Examples | Mode of action | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sessile membrane proteins in the PTPC | VDAC | regulates (enhances/increases) OMMP | Kroemer and Reed (2000) |
| ANT | enhances IMMP | ||
| Bcl-2, Bcl-XL | prevent IMMP/OMMP | ||
| Nip3 | enhances IMMP/OMMP | ||
| Proteins translocating to mitochondria | Bax, Bid, Bak, Bim | enhance OMMP and IMMP | Kroemer and Reed (2000) |
| p53 | enhances OMMP | Vogelstein et al. (2000) | |
| Nur77/TR1/NGFIB | enhances OMMP | Li et al. (2000) | |
| c-Abl | enhances OMMP | Kumar et al. (2001) | |
| p53-induced proteins | Bax | enhances OMMP and IMMP | Vogelstein et al. (2000) |
| NoxA, PUMA | BH3-only Bcl-2 family members | E.Oda et al. (2000) | |
| proline oxidase | locally generates ROS | Donald et al. (2001) | |
| p53AIP1 | induces IMMP | K.Oda et al. (2000) | |
| Proteins released from mitochondria | cytochrome c | activates apoptosome | De Laurenzi and Melino (2000) |
| Hsp10 | coactivates apoptosome | ||
| Pro-caspases | facilitate caspase activation | ||
| Smac/DIABLO | inhibits IAP | ||
| AIF | activates DNase | Susin et al. (2000) |