| PEGylated GO modified by folic acid, rhodamine B |
PTT and PDT |
In vivo Ehrlich tumors cells |
Using the theranostic function, temperature change via GO/FA-ICG to 40 °C suppressed tumour growth85
|
| 808 nm, 1.8 W cm−2
|
| Multifunctional graphene oxide |
PTT and PDT |
MCF-7 cells |
When photothermal and photodynamic therapy were combined, the cancer cells were eradicated more effectively than when they were treated separately86
|
| 808 nm, 660 nm, 2 W cm−2
|
| Hollow silica nanoparticles loaded with hydrophobic phthalocyanine (Pc@HSNs) |
PTT and PDT |
Tumor-bearing mice (in vitro and in vivo) |
Both in vitro and in vivo studies shown that the dual phototherapeutic activity of Pc@HSNs may eliminate cancer cells or tumour tissues87
|
| 730 nm, 1.5 W cm−2 for 10 min |
| Mesoporous silica composite nanoparticles (hm-SiO2(AlC4Pc)@Pd) |
PTT and PDT |
HeLa cells (in vitro) |
Results in vitro demonstrated that combination PDT/PTT therapy using hm-SiO2(AlC4Pc)@Pd had a higher cell-killing efficacy than either PDT or PTT treatment alone after exposure to a 660 nm CW-NIR laser88
|
| 660 nm 0.5 W cm−2 for 7 or 10 min |
| Poly(cyclotriphosphazene-co-tetraphenylporphyrin-co-sulfonyldiphenol) nanospheres (CP-TPP) |
PTT and PDT 808 nm laser (1.5 W) and 630 nm LED (50 mW cm−2) for 8, 15, and 20 min |
HeLa cells (in vitro) |
Cell viability was lower than that of individual PDT or PTT at doses of CP-TPP/Au/PEG nanospheres between 10 and 100 μg mL−1 (ref. 89) |
| Self-assembled zinc phthalocyanine nanoparticles |
PTT and PDT 650 nm 0.7 W cm−2, 10 min |
HeLa cells (in vitro) |
Nearly 93% of the HeLa cells were killed by the synergistic PTT and PDT at a particle concentration of 20 μM after ten minutes of laser therapy90
|
| Carbon nanohorn/phthalocyanine hybrid |
Synergistic PTT and PDT 650 nm laser (3 W cm−2) |
HeLa cells (in vitro) |
The cell viability test indicates that the combination of PTT and PDT exhibits much greater cell-killing efficacy in vitro91
|
| Phycocyanin–polypyrrole nanoparticles |
Synergistic PDT and PTT 620 nm (100 mW cm−2) and 808 nm (2 W cm−2) for 10 and 5 min |
MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells and HEK-293 human embryonic kidney cells |
The obtained nanoparticles effectively killed MDA-MB-231 cells in a dual way upon laser illumination92
|
| Black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) |
Synergistic PTT and PDT 625 nm light (80 mW cm−2) for 10 min 808 nm laser (2 W cm−2) for 2 min |
Hep G2 cells |
The results demonstrate that combined phototherapy significantly promotes the medicinal effectiveness of cancer therapy compared to PTT or PDT alone93
|
| Nanographene oxide |
Synergistic PTT and PDT 808 nm, 655 nm, 2 W cm−2, 3 min |
Hela and NIH/3T3 cells |
The combined effect of PDT and PTT treatment of the cells led to a much higher rate of cell death in comparison to PDT-only or PTT-only therapy94
|
| Pluronic-based graphene oxide-methylene blue nanocomposite |
Synergistic PTT and PDT 660 nm LED light and 808 nm NIR light at 0.5 W cm−2
|
Cervical cancer (SiHa) cells |
The results indicated that the nanocomposite had the potential to treat cancer via non-invasive phototherapy effectively95
|
| Nano-graphene oxide |
Synergistic PTT and PDT 808 nm (320 mW cm−2; 15 min) and 980 nm (320 mW cm−2; 18 min) |
B16F0 cells |
Experiments conducted in vitro shown that B16F0 melanoma cancer cells may be effectively destroyed by phototherapy when exposed to 980 nm light, thanks to the combination of GO-mediated PTT and PDT effects96
|
| Iron oxide carbon dot (Fe3O4-CDs) nanoparticles |
Synergistic PTT and PDT 660 nm laser (0.5 W cm−2) and 808 nm laser (2 W cm−2) |
HeLa cells |
Because of the complementary PTT and PDT using a near-infrared laser, conducted both in vitro and in vivo demonstrated that GP-PGA-Fe3O4-CDs@BPQDs were extremely biocompatible and had outstanding tumor-inhibition effectiveness97
|
