Skip to main content
. 2025 Oct 27;32(5):e70167. doi: 10.1002/cpp.70167

TABLE 4.

Model parsimony test.

Model EP Δ Fit Δ df p AIC Δ AIC Compare with model Fit units
Cholesky 20 65,863 0 −2lnL
Reverse causation 19 136.15 1 < 0.001 65,997 134.15 Cholesky −2lnL
Forward causation 19 4.597 1 0.033 65,865 2.597 Cholesky −2lnL
No cause 18 136.152 2 < 0.001 65,995 132.152 Cholesky −2lnL
Feedback loop 20 135.3 0 < 0.001 65,998 135.3 Cholesky −2lnL

Note: All models were tested against the Cholesky model, which was also the best fitting model (Figure 1). AIC, Akaike information criteria; df, degrees of freedom; EP, estimated parameters; lnL, log‐likelihood.