Table 1.

Basic features of the included studies.

Study	Country	Intervention category	Sample size (F/M)	Age (mean ± SD)	Intervention frequency	Intervention duration
Wong 2024 (22)	China	CON	17 (8/9)	68.1 + 5.8	50 min, 2–3 times/week	5 weeks
		CR	17 (12/5)	66.8 + 6.9	50 min, 2–3 times/week	5 weeks
Pisano 2024 (23)	Italy	CON	9 (6/3)	71 ± 8.6	20 min, 5 times/week	10 days
		MCR	8 (4/4)	65.3 ± 8.5	20 min, 5 times/week	10 days
Zhang 2023 (24)	China	MR	32 (13/19)	63.87 ± 5.60	40 min, 5 times/week	8 weeks
		CR	32 (15/17)	64.03 ± 5.28	50 min, 5 times/week	8 weeks
Manenti 2018 (25)	Italy	CON	11 (6/5)	65.5 ± 6.4	50 min, 5 times/week	2 weeks
		CR	11 (4/7)	63.8 ± 7.1	50 min, 5 times/week	2 weeks
Hu 2021 (26)	China	MR	49 (19/30)	63.68 ± 5.22	45 min, 5 times/week, 1 time/day	12 weeks
		CON	49 (21/28)	64.23 ± 4.78	45 min, 5 times/week, 1 time/day	12 weeks
Luo 2019 (27)	China	CR	43 (15/28)	65.29 ± 2.50	30–45 min, once/week, 1 time/day	30 days
		CON	47 (17/26)	65.36 ± 2.41	20 min, once/day, 7 times/week	30 days
Wang 2016 (28)	China	CON	40	64.3 ± 5.45	20 min, once/day, 7 times/week	2 weeks
		CON	40	65.4 ± 5.45	60 min, once/day, 7 times/week	2 weeks
		CR	40	66.4 ± 6.45	20 min rTMS + 60 min EEG-BF, time/day, 7 times/week	2 weeks