Table 2.
Measurement model statistics.
| Construct | Code | Items | OL | VIF | CA | CR | AVE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AP | AP1 | I strive for perfection in my academic work. | 0.892 | 2.408 | 0.855 | 0.912 | 0.776 |
| AP2 | I have high standards for my academic performance. | 0.905 | 2.650 | ||||
| AP3 | I feel dissatisfied with my work if it is not perfect. | 0.844 | 1.790 | ||||
| DB | DB1 | I feel emotionally drained from my digital device usage. | 0.882 | 1.997 | 0.824 | 0.894 | 0.738 |
| DB2 | I feel tired when I have to use digital devices for academic purposes. | 0.818 | 1.741 | ||||
| DB3 | I feel overwhelmed by the amount of time I spend on digital devices. | 0.876 | 1.888 | ||||
| FPS | FPS1 | I feel pressured to meet my parents’ academic expectations. | 0.867 | 2.322 | 0.880 | 0.918 | 0.736 |
| FPS2 | I worry about disappointing my parents with my academic performance. | 0.851 | 2.205 | ||||
| FPS3 | I feel stressed due to the obligations I have towards my family. | 0.849 | 2.267 | ||||
| FPS4 | I feel that my family’s expectations place a burden on me. | 0.863 | 2.306 | ||||
| HSS | HSS1 | I would feel embarrassed if my friends knew I was seeking professional help for my academic problems. | 0.905 | 2.276 | 0.813 | 0.889 | 0.728 |
| HSS2 | I would worry about my family’s reaction if they found out I was seeking academic counseling. | 0.857 | 1.831 | ||||
| HSS3 | I avoid seeking help for academic-related stress to not appear weak. | 0.794 | 1.655 | ||||
| PD | PD1 | I find it difficult to stop thinking about academic work during my free time. | 0.840 | 2.227 | 0.895 | 0.927 | 0.761 |
| PD2 | Even when I try to relax, thoughts about my studies intrude. | 0.881 | 2.665 | ||||
| PD3 | I struggle to disconnect from academic responsibilities outside of study hours. | 0.915 | 3.782 | ||||
| PD4 | I feel guilty when I take a break from my academic tasks. | 0.851 | 2.847 | ||||
| PSS | PSS1 | I can rely on my family for support when I feel stressed. | 0.876 | 2.229 | 0.853 | 0.911 | 0.773 |
| PSS2 | I receive encouragement from friends when facing academic difficulties. | 0.904 | 2.357 | ||||
| PSS3 | I feel supported by my university in managing academic stress. | 0.856 | 1.877 | ||||
| REL | REL1 | I am able to recover quickly from setbacks. | 0.846 | 1.962 | 0.831 | 0.898 | 0.746 |
| REL2 | I adapt well to changes and challenges in my academic environment. | 0.877 | 1.941 | ||||
| REL3 | I remain optimistic even when facing significant academic stress. | 0.868 | 1.829 | ||||
| SCA | SCA1 | I frequently compare my academic performance to that of my peers. | 0.884 | 1.994 | 0.782 | 0.874 | 0.698 |
| SCA2 | I feel stressed when I perceive others performing better than me. | 0.817 | 1.549 | ||||
| SCA3 | I often feel inadequate when I see my classmates achieving success. | 0.803 | 1.620 | ||||
| SE | SE1 | I feel confident in my academic abilities. | 0.895 | 2.445 | 0.849 | 0.908 | 0.768 |
| SE2 | I believe I am just as capable as my peers in my studies. | 0.887 | 2.071 | ||||
| SE3 | I have a positive self-perception despite academic challenges. | 0.846 | 1.906 |