Figure 5.

Mean curvature angles of rhizoids that were prestimulated on ground for 10 min at 90° and subsequently inverted 31 times to 270° (gray bars) relative to the mean curvature angles of the corresponding control samples that were set to 100% (C, white bar). Rhizoids were repeatedly inverted for 5, 10, 22, or 30 s during a total experiment duration of 120 min, whereas control samples were stimulated at 90° for 120 min under continuous 1g conditions. Significantly reduced curvature angles of the inverted samples (Student's t test, P < 0.01; indicated by an asterisk) were observed when the duration of the inversion phases was longer than 5 s (n ≥ 44 for each sample). Complete data of all inversion experiments, including the absolute curvature values, are summarized in Table I.