AEM	Applied and Environmental Microbiology
AI/ML	Artificial intelligence/machine learning
AMPs	Antimicrobial peptides
AMR	Antimicrobial resistance
ARG	Antibiotic resistance gene
AST	Antimicrobial susceptibility testing
BGC	Biosynthetic gene cluster
BL/BLI	β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor (combination therapy)
CAP	Chloramphenicol
Cas12a	CRISPR-associated endonuclease 12a
CRISPR	Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
DBO	Diazabicyclooctane (β-lactamase inhibitor class)
Dx	Diagnostics
EAOPs	Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes
eDNA	Extracellular DNA
ESBL	Extended-spectrum β-lactamase
GLASS	Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (WHO)
HGT	Horizontal gene transfer
ICE	Integrative and conjugative element
KPC	Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase
LPS	Lipopolysaccharide
mcr	mobilized colistin resistance genes (e.g., mcr-1–mcr-10)
MBL	Metallo-β-lactamase
MFS	Major facilitator superfamily (efflux pumps)
MGE	Mobile genetic element
MNPs	Micro- and nanoplastics
MOFs	Metal–organic frameworks
NDM	New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase
NF	Nanofiltration
OM	Outer membrane
OXA	Class D oxacillinase-type β-lactamase
PBPs	Penicillin-binding proteins
PEtN	Phosphoethanolamine
PHB	Polyhydroxybutyrate (bioplastic)
PLA	Polylactic acid (bioplastic)
QC	Quality control
QRDR	Quinolone resistance–determining region
QS	Quorum sensing
RND	Resistance–nodulation–division (efflux pumps)
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
TOC	Total organic carbon
UF	Ultrafiltration
WBE	Wastewater-based epidemiology
WGS	Whole-genome sequencing
WWTP	Wastewater treatment plant