ADH	Alcohol dehydrogenase
ALD	Alcohol-associated liver disease
ALDH	Aldehyde dehydrogenase
ASK1	Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1
BA(s)	Bile acid(s)
BBB	Blood–brain barrier
CNS	Central nervous system
CYP2E1	Cytochrome P450 2E1
DAMPs	Damage-associated molecular patterns
FGF21	Fibroblast growth factor 21
FMT	Fecal microbiota transplantation
FXR	Farnesoid X receptor
G-CSF	Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
GLP-1	Glucagon-like peptide-1
HCC	Hepatocellular carcinoma
HE	Hepatic encephalopathy
HSC(s)	Hepatic stellate cell(s)
IL	Interleukin
JNK	c-Jun N-terminal kinase
LPS	Lipopolysaccharide
MASLD	Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease
MetALD	Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and increased alcohol intake
MEOS	Microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system
NAD+	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NF-κB	Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
NK	Natural killer
NMDA	N-methyl-D-aspartate (receptor)
PAMPs	Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
PARP	Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
RNS	Reactive nitrogen species
SCFA(s)	Short-chain fatty acid(s)
TGF-β	Transforming growth factor-beta
Th17	T helper 17
TLR4	Toll-like receptor 4
TNF-α	Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
Treg	Regulatory T cell