| •OH | Hydroxyl radicals |
| 4-HNE | 4-hydroxynonenal |
| 8-OHdG | 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine |
| ACE | Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme |
| AGE | Advanced glycation end product |
| AOPP | Advanced oxidation protein products |
| AP-1 | Activator protein-1 |
| ARBs | Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers |
| BRB | Blood-retinal barrier |
| CAT | Catalase |
| DME | Diabetic macular edema |
| GPx | Glutathione peroxidase |
| H2O2 | Hydrogen peroxide |
| HIF-1α | Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha |
| ICAM-1 | Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 |
| IDF | International Diabetes Federation |
| IL-1β | Interleukin-1β |
| MCP-1 | Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 |
| MDA | Malondialdehyde |
| MitoQ | Mitoquinone |
| mtDNA | Mitochondrial DNA |
| NAC | N-Acetylcysteine, |
| NADPH | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate |
| NF-κB | Nuclear factor kappa B |
| NOX4 | NADPH Oxidase 4 |
| NPDR | Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy |
| O2− | Superoxide anion |
| OBS | Oxidative balance score |
| PDR | Proliferative diabetic retinopathy |
| PKC | Protein kinase C |
| RCT | Randomized controlled trial |
| RNS | Reactive nitrogen species |
| ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
| SHP2 | Src Homology Region 2-Containing Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase |
| SIRT1 | Sirtuin 1 (Silent Information Regulator 1) |
| SkQ1 | Skulachev Ion-1 |
| SOD | Superoxide dismutase |
| STZ | Streptozotocin |
| TAC | Total antioxidant capacity |
| TNF-α | Tumor necrosis factor-alpha |
| VCAM-1 | Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 |
| VEGF | Vascular endothelial growth factor |
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