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. 2025 Sep 29;12(10):1052. doi: 10.3390/bioengineering12101052
AUC area under the curve
BiLSTM bidirectional long short-term memory
CNN convolutional neural network
DL deep learning
DNN deep neural network
EMD empirical mode decomposition
FFT fast fourier transform
GRU gated recurrent unit
HC healthy control
LSTM long short-term memory
MFCC Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients
ML machine learning
PD Parkinson’s disease
RPDE recurrence period density entropy
SVM support vector machine