ADSC	Adipose-derived stem cells
AKT/PKβ	Serine/threonine kinase or protein kinase β
AMPK	Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase
AT	Adipose tissue
ATP	Adenosine triphosphate
BAT	Brown adipose tissue
Breg	Regulatory B cell
BMI	Body mass index
BS	Bariatric surgery
CD	Cluster of differentiation
CD3+	Total T lymphocyte
CD4+	T helper lymphocyte
CD4+CD45RA+	Naive T helper lymphocyte
CD4+CD45RO+	Memory T helper lymphocyte
CD4+CD62−	Effector help T lymphocyte
CD8+/CTLs	Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
CD8+CD28−	Effector cytotoxic T lymphocyte
CD8+CD45RA+	Naive cytotoxic T lymphocyte
CD8+CD45RO+	Memory cytotoxic T lymphocyte
COX-2	Ciclooxygenase-2
CXCL	Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand
Cells/µL	Counting or absolute number
CRP	C-reactive protein
DAMP	Danger-associated molecular pattern
DNA	Deoxyribonucleic acid
EV	Extracellular vesicles
ERK	Extracellular signal-regulated kinases
FGF21	Circulating protein belonging to the human FGF superfamily
FFM	Fat-free mass
FFAR	Free fatty acid receptor
GM	Gut microbiota
GPCRs	G protein-coupled receptors
GLP-1	Glucagon-like peptide-1
HDL-c	High-density lipoprotein cholesterol
HbA1c	Glycated hemoglobin
HIF-1	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1
HIF-1α	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha
HIF-1β	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 beta
HMGB1	High-mobility group box 1
HOMA-IR	Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance
HRE	Hypoxia response element
ICAM-1	Intercellular adhesion molecule-1
IFN-γ	Interferon gamma
Ig	Immunoglobulin
IgA	Immunoglobulin A
IgG	Immunoglobulin G
IgM	Immunoglobulin M
IGFBP-2	Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2
IGFBP7	Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-7
IKK	Ikappaβ kinase
IkβK	Inhibition of IκB kinase
IL	Interleukin
IL-1β	interleukin-1 beta
IL-7R	Interleukin 7 receptor
ILCs	Innate lymphoid cells
IR	Insulin resistance
IRS-1	Insulin receptor substrate 1
IRS-2	Insulin receptor substrate 2
Iκβ	Ikappaβ
Jak3	Janus kinase 3
JNK	C-Jun N-terminal kinase
LBD	Laparoscopic biliopancreatic diversion
LDL-c	Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
LPS	Lipopolysaccharide
LRYGB	Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
LSG	Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy
MAPK	p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase
MASLD	Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatosis liver disease
M1	Pro-inflammatory macrophage
M2	Anti-inflammatory macrophage
MCP-1/CCL2	Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
MHC	Major histocompatibility complex
MIOR	Metainflammation-related obesity
MS	Metabolic syndrome
mTOR	Mammalian target of rapamycin
NAD+	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NADP	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
NF-κβ	Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated β cell
NK	Natural killers
NKG2D	Natural killer group 2 member D
NLRs	NOD-like receptors
NLRP3	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 or inflammasome
NOTCH1	Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 1
OGM	Obesogenic gut
OXPHOS	Oxidative phosphorylation
PAI-1	Plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1
PAMPs	Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
PI3K-Akt	Phosphoinositide-3-kinase-protein kinase B
PUFAs	Polyunsaturated fatty acids
PVAT	Perivascular adipose tissue
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
SASP	Senescence-associated secretory phenotype
SIRT1	Sirtuin-1 deacetylase
SCFAs	Short-chain fatty acids
SPMs	Specialized pro-resolving mediators
REBPs	Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins
TBF	Total body fat
T2D	Type 2 diabetes
TCR	T cell receptor
TGF-β	Transforming growth factor beta
Th0	Naive T cells
TLRs	Toll-like receptors
TLR2	Toll-like receptor 2
TLR4	Toll-like receptor 4
TNF-α	Tumor necrosis factor alpha
Tregs	Regulatory T cells
VAT	Visceral adipose tissue
VHL	Hippel–Lindau
VF	Visceral fat
WAT	White adipose tissue