DKD	Diabetic kidney disease
DN	Diabetic nephropathy
ESRD	End-stage renal disease
HO-1	Heme oxygenase 1
AHSG	Gene encoding fetuin-A
Ang-II	Angiotensin II
TGF-β	Transforming growth factor-β
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
NADPH	Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
RAS	Renin–angiotensin system
NF-κB	Nuclear factor kappa B
GFR	Glomerular filtration rate
KDIGO	Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes
T2D	Type 2 diabetes
TNF-α	Tumour necrosis factor α
eGFR	Estimated glomerular filtration rate
IFN-γ	Interferon gamma
SS	Signal sequence
CP	Connecting peptide
FFA	Free fatty acids
SNPs	Single-nucleotide polymorphisms
CAC	Coronary artery calcification
CKD	Chronic kidney disease
CRP	C-reactive protein
CAD	Coronary artery disease
CACS	Coronary artery calcification score
GDM	Gestational diabetes mellitus
CO	Carbon monoxide
Fe2+	Free ferrous iron
O2	Molecular oxygen
APC	Antigen-presenting cells
SMCs	Smooth muscle cells
COPD	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
UV	Ultraviolet
CoPP	Cobalt protoporphyrin IX
Nrf2	Nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2
MAPKs	Mitogen-activated protein kinases
PKC	Protein kinase C
AMPK	AMP-activated protein kinase
PI3K/Akt	Phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B
AP-1	Activator protein-1
STAT3	Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
YY1	Yin Yang 1
HIF-1	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1
ZnPPIX	Zinc protoporphyrin IX
SnPPIX	tin protoporphyrin IX
LPS	Lipopolysaccharide
Keap1	Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
PAMPs	Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
PI3K	Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
Bach1	BTB and CNC homology 1
NGAL	Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin
ELISA	Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
CMIA	Chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay
RIA	Radioimmunoassay
LFIA	Lateral flow immunoassay
POCT	Point of care test
KIM-1	Kidney injury molecule-1
mTOR	Mammalian target of rapamycin kinase
PPAR-γ	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
qPCR	Quantitative polymerase chain reaction
L-FABP	Liver-type fatty acid binding protein
PCR	Protein/creatinine ratio
ACE	Angiotensin-converting enzyme
AKI	Acute kidney injury