1,5-AHG	1,5-anhydroglucitol
2 h PG	2 h postprandial plasma glucose
ADA	American Diabetes Association
Ag/Pt NCs	Ag/Pt nanoclusters
AgNWs	Silver nanowires
AIE	Aggregation-induced emission
ALP	Alkaline phosphatase
AuNPs	Gold nanoparticles
AuNPs	Gold nanorods
AuNP-VS4 NS NR	AuNP-vanadium sulphide nanosheet self-assembled nanorod
AuNTs	Gold nanotriangle
BCCAs	Branched-chain amino acids
BMI	Body-mass-index
CA	Chronoamperometry
CAGR	Compound annual growth rate
CDs	Carbon quantum dots
CGM	Continuous glucose monitoring
CHA	Catalytic hairpin assembly
CP	Carbon paper
CRET	Chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer
CRP	C-reactive protein
CV	Cyclic voltammetry
DALY	Disability-adjusted life year
DKA	Diabetic ketoacidosis
DPV	Differential pulse voltammetry
EC	Electrochemical
ECL	Electrochemiluminescence
EIS	Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
ELISA	Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Fe3O4 NPs	Iron oxide nanoparticles
Fe-Ni NPs	Iron-nickel nanoparticles
FGF-21	Fibroblast growth factor-21
FPG	Fasting plasma glucose
FRET	Fluorescence resonance energy transfer
GADA	Glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies
GDM	Gestational diabetes mellitus
GNPs	Gold nanoparticles
GO	Graphene oxide
GOx	Glucose oxidase
H2O2	Hydrogen peroxide
HbA1c	Glycated haemoglobin
HCR	Hybridisation chain reaction
HDL	High-density lipoprotein
HLA	Human leukocyte antigen
HRP	Horseradish peroxidase
IA-2A	Islet antigen-2 antibodies
IAA	Insulin autoantibodies
IDF	International Diabetes Federation
IL-6	Interleukin-6
iSDA	Isothermal strand displacement amplification
LCR	Ligase chain reaction
LDL	Low-density lipoprotein
LFD	Lateral flow device
LOD	Limit of detection
LSPR	Localised surface plasmon resonance
MB	Methylene blue
MCH	6-mercapto-1-hexanol
MCP-1	Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
miRNA	microRNA
MNPs	Magnetic nanoparticles
MOFs	Metal–organic frameworks
MRE	Biomolecular recognition element
MW	Methylene white
NCQ	Nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots
NGAL	Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin
NIH	National Institute of Health
NR	Not reported
OCV	Open circuit voltage
OGTT	Oral glucose tolerance test
Pd@Pt NDs	Pd@Pt core@shell nanodendrites
PET	Photoinduced electron transfer
POC	Point-of-care
PPY	Polypyrrole
PtNP-Ce-MOF	PtNP-modified Cerium MOF
QDs	Quantum dots
qRT-PCR	Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
RBP-4	Retinol binding protein-4
RCA	Rolling circle amplification
rGO	Reduced graphene oxide
RPG	Random plasma glucose
SDA	Strand displacement amplification
SERS	Surface-enhanced Raman scattering
SHBG	Sex hormone-binding globulin
Si QDs	Silicon quantum dots
SMBG	Self-monitoring blood glucose
SPCE	Screen-printed carbon electrode
SPE	Screen-printed electrode
SPR	Surface plasmon resonance
SWV	Square wave voltammetry
ssDNA	Single-stranded DNA
T1D	Type 1 diabetes
T2D	Type 2 diabetes
TCNQ	7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane
TFO	Triplex-forming oligonucleotide
TiO2NPs	Titanium dioxide nanoparticles
TMB	3,3’,5,5’-tetramethylbenzidine
tMB	Triplex molecular beacon
TNF-α	Tumour necrosis factor-α
TTF	Tetrathiafulvalene
UCNPs	Upconverting nanoparticles
WHO	World Health Organization
ZnO NPs	Zinc oxide nanoparticles
ZnO NRs	Zinc oxide nanorods
ZnT8A	Zinc transporter 8 antibodies