6-OHDA	6-Hydroxydopamine
HSP70	70 kilodalton heat shock proteins
AD	Alzheimer’s disease
AMPK	AMP-activated protein kinase
AS	Ankylosing spondylitis
ADB	Anxiety and depression-like behavior
ApoE	Apolipoprotein E
Bcl-2	B-cell lymphoma-2
Bax	Bcl-2-associated X protein
BPA	Brachial plexus avulsion
BP	Blood pressure
BDNF	Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
BrdU	Bromodeoxyuridine
CREB	cAMP response element-binding protein
cTnI	Cardiac troponin I
CV	Cardiovascular
Cas-3	Caspase-3
CSF	Cerebrospinal fluid
CHF	Chronic heart failure
CC16	Clara cell protein
CWS	Cold-water swimming
CIA	Collagen-induced arthritis
CuNP	Copper nanoparticles
CRP	C-reactive protein
CKMB	Creatine kinase MB
cAMP	Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
DCM	Diabetic cardiomyopathy
DPN	Diarylpropionitrile
DBPs	Disinfection by-products
DA	Dopamine
DR2	Dopamine type 2 receptor
EA	Electroacupuncture
eNOS	Endothelial nitric oxide synthase
eWAT	Epididymal white adipose tissue
EMT	Epithelial-mesenchymal transition
EXE	Exercise
EAE	Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
FBG	Fasting blood glucose
FATP-4	Fatty acid transport protein 4
FNDC5	Fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5
FeNO	Fractional exhaled nitric oxide
FED	Fructose-enriched diet
GFAP	Glial fibrillary acidic protein
GLUT4	Glucose transporter type 4
GR	Glutathione reductase
GSH	Glutathione
GSK-3β	Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta
HRR	Heart rate reserve
HRV	Heart rate variability
HDL	High-density lipoprotein
HFD	High-fat diet
HIIT	High-intensity interval training
HS	High-sodium
HDAC	Histone deacetylase
HDAC3	Histone deacetylase 3
HOMA-IR	Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance index
IgA	Immunoglobulin A
iNOS	Inducible nitric oxide synthase
I-κB	Inhibitor of kappa B
IR	Insulin resistance
IGF-1	Insulin-like Growth Factor-1
IFN-γ	Interferon gamma
IL-1β	Interleukin-1 beta
IRAK1	Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1
IL-10	Interleukin-10
IL-2	Interleukin-2
IL-6	Interleukin-6
IL-4	interleukin-4
ICV	Intracerebroventricular
ISO	Isoproterenol
LDH	Lactate dehydrogenase
LDL	Low-density lipoprotein
MΦ	Macrophages
MDA	Malondialdehyde
MMP-9	Matrix metalloproteinase-9
MMP-13	Matrix metalloproteinase-13
VO2max	Maximal oxygen uptake
MET	Metformin
MPTP	Mitochondrial permeability transition pore
MCP-1	Monocyte chemotactic protein-1
MS	Multiple sclerosis
MI	Myocardial infarction
NAC	N-acetylcysteine
NCAM	Neural cell adhesion molecule
NeuN	Neuronal nuclei
NAD	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NO	Nitric oxide
NAFLD	Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
NSAIDs	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
ND	Normal diet
Nrf2	Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
NF-κB	Nuclear factor kappa light-chain-enhancer of activated B lymphocytes
NOD	Non-obese diabetic
NLRP1	NLR family pyrin domain containing 1
NLRP3	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3
OA	Osteoarthritis
OVX	Ovariectomized
OS	Oxidative stress
PD	Parkinson’s disease
PLIN2	Perilipin-2
PPAR-γ	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
PPAR-α	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
PTX3	Pentraxin 3
PI3K	Phosphoinositide 3-kinase
PBMT	Photobiomodulation therapy
pIgR	Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor
PSD95	Postsynaptic density 95
PFN1	Profilin-1
PGC-1α	Proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha
PPT	Propyl pyrazole triol
Akt	Protein kinase B
RBC	Red blood cell
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
RANKL	Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand
RVH	Renovascular hypertension
RA	Rheumatoid arthritis
sIgA	Secretory immunoglobulin A
SCD1	Severe combined immunodeficiency 1
SG	Sebaceous gland
SEMA3A	Semaphorin 3A
SS	Serotonergic system
SIRT1	Sirtuin 1
SCRI	Skibinski’s cardio-respiratory index
STZ	Streptozotocin
SOD	Superoxide dismutase
ST	Swimming training
SNS	Sympathetic nervous system
sWAT	Substance white adipose tissue
SP-D	Surfactant protein D
SBP	Systolic blood pressure
TRAF6	TNF receptor-associated factor 6
TLR-4	Toll-like receptor 4
TCA	Total antioxidant capacity
TNF-α	Tumor necrosis factor alpha
T1D	Type 1 diabetes
T2D	Type 2 diabetes
T2DM	Type 2 diabetes mellitus
VEGF	Vascular endothelial growth factor
ZDF	Zucker diabetic fatty
α7nAChR	α7nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
Aβ	β-Amyloid peptide