AgNP	silver nanoparticle
AFP	alpha-fetoprotein
AI	artificial intelligence
AuNP	gold nanoparticle
BAs	biogenic amines
BSA	bovine serum albumin
CNTs	carbon nanotubes
CEA	carcinoembryonic antigen
CRP	C-reactive protein
DNA-PAINT	DNA points accumulation for imaging in nanoscale topography
dSTORM	direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy
ELISA	enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
EV	extracellular vesicle
FET	field-effect transistor
GFET	graphene field-effect transistor
GO	graphene oxide
HBV	hepatitis B virus
HER2	human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
HIV	human immunodeficiency virus
HPV	human papillomavirus
IgG	Immunoglobulin G
iSCAT	interferometric scattering microscopy
ITO	indium tin oxide
LOD	limit of detection
LOC	lab-on-a-chip
LSPR	localized surface plasmon resonance
MEF	metal-enhanced fluorescence
MERS	Middle East respiratory syndrome
MIPs	molecularly imprinted polymers
miRNA	microRNA
MINFLUX	minimal photon fluxes
MXenes	transition-metal carbides/nitrides (2D nanomaterials)
NPs	nanoparticles
OECTs	organic electrochemical transistors
PALM	photoactivated localization microscopy
PC	photonic crystal
PCR	polymerase chain reaction
PEG	polyethylene glycol
POC	point-of-care
QDs	quantum dots
RT-PCR	reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
SARS-CoV-2	severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
SERS	surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
SMD	single-molecule detection
smFRET	single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer
SMLM	single-molecule localization microscopy
SPR	surface plasmon resonance
srQLISA	super-resolution quantum dot-linked immunosorbent assay
SRM	super-resolution microscopy
srMINI	super-resolution multispectral imaging nanoimmunosensor
STED	stimulated emission depletion microscopy
STORM	stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy
TIRF	total internal reflection fluorescence
TSH	thyroid-stimulating hormone
WGM	whispering-gallery mode