| ACE | Angiotensin-converting enzyme |
| ARF | Adverse reactions to food |
| BMOs | Bovine milk oligosaccharides |
| CLA | Conjugated linoleic acid |
| CMPA | Cow’s milk protein allergy |
| CRP | C-reactive protein |
| CVD | Cardiovascular disease |
| DASH | Dietary approaches to stop hypertension |
| FMT | Fecal Microbiota Transplantation |
| GABA | γ-aminobutyric acid |
| GALT | Gut-associated lymphoid tissue |
| HELENA | Healthy lifestyle in Europe by nutrition in adolescence |
| ImP | Imidazole Propionate |
| MCP-1 | Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 |
| MFGM | Milk fat globule membrane |
| miRNAs | microRNAs |
| NGS | Next-generation sequencing |
| NF-κB | Nuclear factor kappa B |
| PAGln | Phenylacetyl glutamine |
| SANRA | Assessment of narrative review articles |
| SCFAs | Short-chain fatty acids |
| TLR | Toll-like receptor |
| TMAO | Trimethylamine N-oxide |
| UHT | Ultra-high temperature |