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. 2025 Sep 23;17(10):1285. doi: 10.3390/v17101285
SARS-CoV-1 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
SARS-CoV-2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
COVID-19 Coronavirus disease 2019
S spike
RBD Receptor binding domain
NTD N-terminal domain
PBMC Peripheral blood mononuclear cell
mAb Monoclonal antibodies
ELISA Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
PFA Paraformaldehyde
BLI Bio-layer interferometry
KD Kinetically derived binding affinity
IC50 Half-maximal inhibitory concentration
hACE2 Human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
RBM Receptor-binding motif
spGFP Split green fluorescent protein
RL Renilla luciferase
ABSL-3 Animal Biosafety Level-III Laboratory
PEI Polyethyleneimine
DMEM Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium
FBS Fetal bovine serum
Cryo-EM Cryo-electron microscopy
CTF Contrast transfer function
Fab Antigen-binding fragment
scFv Single-chain variable fragment
SEM Standard error of the mean
FRNT Focus reduction neutralization test
MB Memory B
FSC Fourier shell correlation