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. 2025 Oct 15;13:1670698. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1670698

Table 5.

Adjusteda least square means for pain management scores over 8 weeks.

Measures Baseline
Mean (95% CI)
Week 4
Mean (95% CI)
Week 8
Mean (95% CI)
p-trend
Worst pain 4.46 (3.43, 5.49) 4.39 (3.39, 5.40) 3.92 (2.80, 5.05) 0.378
Least pain 2.52 (1.83, 3.21) 2.59 (1.91, 3.26) 2.75 (1.91, 3.58) 0.618
Pain on average 3.61 (2.83, 4.38) 3.39 (2.74, 4.05) 2.90 (2.05, 3.75) 0.122
Activity interfered due to pain 4.27 (3.39, 5.16) 3.69 (2.85, 4.53) 3.84 (2.83, 4.84) 0.297
a

Adjusted for sex, age, race/ethnicity, education, household income, regular gardening engagement, and weekly time spent outdoors; *p < 0.05 indicates a significant linear trend over 8 weeks.