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. 2025 Oct 15;7:1661456. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2025.1661456

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© 2025 Garcia-Atutxa, Dudagoitia Barrio and Villanueva-Flores.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Scatter plot depicting data points distributed across six clusters, each represented by different colors: blue, orange, green, red, purple, and brown. The x-axis is labeled \"Principal Component 1\" and the y-axis is \"Principal Component 2\". Clusters are visually distinct but some overlap is evident, with the majority clustered around the origin. — Two-dimensional PCA visualization illustrating the separation and distribution of the six technical clusters identified by the KMeans algorithm. Each point represents an individual cycling stage, with colors indicating the assigned technical cluster.