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. 2025 Oct 28;5(1):96. doi: 10.1007/s43832-025-00295-x

Table 2.

Performance of six physical-chemical batch experiments towards meeting Greywater design treatment goals using a simplified Greywater composition (300 Mg L− 1 SDS and 58.5 Mg L− 1 ammonium bicarbonate)

Technology Approach Chemical /
Energy Input
COD Removal (%) kWh
(Treated
450 L day− 1)
Water Recovery Potential Potential to Meet Treatment Standards
Coagulation 0-500 mg L− 1 FeCl3 77 < 0.1 Medium Low
Adsorption 0–5 g L− 1 PAC 99 < 0.1 High Medium
Photocatalysis

5 g L− 1 TiO2;

7.2 J cm− 2

9 552 High Low
Electrocatalysis

Dual BDD

36 mA cm− 2

67 57 High Medium
Ceramic UF Separation

UF/20-nm

at 2.1 bar

6 14 Medium Low
Foam Fractionation Air at 0.5 L min− 1 82 3 Medium/High High